Editing Hyderabad (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Hyderabad}}

=== Toponymy ===
<!-- Some books in this section do not have "ISBN". For those references, URL links are available. Because multiple scholars claim different names of the city during the same period, it's better to update sources. -->

The name ''Hyderabad'' means "Haydar's City" or "Lion City", from ''[[Haydar]]'' 'lion' and ''[[-abad|ābād]]'' 'city', after [[Caliph]] [[Ali Ibn Abi Talib]], also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battle.<ref name="Everett-Heath2005">{{cite book |title=Concise dictionary of world place names |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=223 |isbn=978-0-19-860537-9 |last=Everett-Heath |first=John |year=2005}}</ref> The city was originally called ''Baghnagar'' (city of gardens).<ref name="AnPet">{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Islamic architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr |url-access=registration |publisher=Routledge |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr/page/112 112] |isbn=978-0-415-06084-4 |last=Petersen |first=Andrew |year=1996 |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Holister">{{cite book |title=The Shia of India |url=https://insideismailism.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/shia-of-india-1953-john-norman-hollister_txt.pdf |publisher=Luzac and company limited |last=Holister |first=John Norman |pages=120–125 |year=1953 |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010135146/https://insideismailism.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/shia-of-india-1953-john-norman-hollister_txt.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The European travellers [[Heinrich von Poser|von Poser]] and [[Jean de Thévenot|Thévenot]] found both names in use in the 17th century.<ref name="Lach&Kley">{{cite book |title=Asia in the Making of Europe |volume=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPPiumz4vx0C |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=? |isbn=978-0-226-46768-9 |last1=Lach |first1=Donald F |last2=Kley |first2=Edwin J. Van |year=1993 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303193015/https://books.google.com/books?id=YPPiumz4vx0C& |archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="TH-Hyd name">{{cite news |title=The city of love: Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-city-of-love-Hyderabad/article15474440.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=7 October 2016 |access-date=9 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207155308/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-city-of-love-Hyderabad/article15474440.ece |archive-date=7 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="McCann(1994)">{{cite book |title=Rights at work: pay equity reform and the politics of legal mobilization |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-55571-3 |last=McCann |first=Michael W. |year=1994}}</ref>{{rp|6}} 

A popular legend suggests that the founder of the city, [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]], named it ''Bhagya-nagar'' ("fortunate city")<ref name="Bernier">{{Cite book |first=Francois |last=Bernier |title=Travels in the Mogul Empire, 1656–1668 |publisher=Archibald Constable |year=1891 |edition=1st |location=London |page=19 |url=https://archive.org/details/travelsinmogulem00bernuoft/page/18/mode/2up}}</ref> after [[Bhagmati]], a local ''[[nautch]]'' (dancing girl) whom he married. She converted to [[Islam]] and adopted the title ''Hyder Mahal'', the city being subsequently named ''Hyderabad'' in her honour.<ref name="McCann(1994)" />{{rp|6}}<ref name="Hyderabad_and_Bhagmati">{{cite book |title=The march of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5AhAQAAMAAJ |access-date=7 January 2013 |year=1959 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |page=89 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103024703/http://books.google.com/books?id=d5AhAQAAMAAJ |archive-date=3 January 2014}}
* {{cite book |title=Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |pages=14–15 |isbn=978-81-260-0233-7 |last=Khan |first=Masud Ḥusain |year=1996}}
* {{cite book |title=With respect to sex: negotiating hijra identity in south India |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=6 |isbn=978-0-226-70755-6 |last=Reddy |first=Gayatri |year=2005}}
* {{cite book |title=The colors of violence: cultural identities, religion, and conflict |url=https://archive.org/details/colorsofviolence00kaka |url-access=registration |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/colorsofviolence00kaka/page/23 23] |isbn=978-0-226-42284-8 |last=Kakar |first=Sudhir |year=1996}}</ref>

In the year 1597, Hyderabad gained the [[epithet]] ''Farkhunda Bunyad'' ({{Literal translation|Of Auspicious Foundation}}). Following the [[Siege of Golconda|Mughal conquest of Hyderabad]], emperor [[Aurangzeb]] changed the epithet to ''Dar-ul-Jihad'' ({{Literal translation|Abode of Holy War}}), a title which appears on coins minted in the city during the reigns of Aurangzeb and [[Kam Bakhsh]]. The later Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam I|Shah Alam]] returned the city to its older epithet of ''Farkhunda Bunyad'', and consequently Mughal coins of Shah Alam and [[Muhammad Shah]] feature this title as the city's mint-name.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bilgrami |first=Syed Ali Asgar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgo97XF0XuYC |title=Landmarks of the Deccan |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1992 |isbn=8120605438 |pages=17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Robert Pilkington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjYaAAAAIAAJ |title=The Dominions, Emblems, and Coins of the South Indian Dynasties |date=1913 |publisher=Harrison |pages=86–87 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Early and medieval history ===
{| role="Historical affiliations" class="wikitable mw-collapsible autocollapse"
| <strong>Historical affiliations</strong>
|-
|
* {{flagicon image|Qutbshahi Flag.svg}} [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda Sultanate]] 1518–1687
:(inception of Hyderabad city in 1591)
* {{flagicon image|Captured flag of the Mughal Empire (1857).png}} [[Mughal Empire]] 1687–1724
* {{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg}} [[Nizam State]] 1724–1948
* {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]] 1948–1956
* {{flagicon image|Flag of United Andhra Pradesh.svg}} [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] 1956–2014
* {{flagicon image|}} [[Telangana]] since 2014
|}
The discovery of [[Megalithic]] burial sites and [[Hasmathpet cairns|cairn circles]] in the [[suburb]]s of Hyderabad, in 1851 by [[Philip Meadows Taylor]], a [[polymath]] in the service of the Nizam, had provided evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited since the [[South Asian Stone Age|Stone Age]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Prehistoric and megalithic cairns vanish from capital's landscape |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/prehistoric-and-megalithic-cairns-vanish-from-capitals-landscape/articleshow/59696497.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 July 2017 |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921010650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/prehistoric-and-megalithic-cairns-vanish-from-capitals-landscape/articleshow/59696497.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="yimene">{{cite book |title=An African Indian community in Hyderabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C |last=Yimene |first=Ababu Minda |year=2004 |publisher=Cuvillier Verlag |page=2 |isbn=978-3-86537-206-2 |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024075422/https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed [[Iron Age]] sites that may date from 500&nbsp;[[BCE]].<ref name="Hyd_BC">{{cite news |title=Iron Age burial site discovered |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/10/stories/2008091058090100.htm |last=Venkateshwarlu |first=K. |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 September 2008 |access-date=7 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234947/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/10/stories/2008091058090100.htm |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was ruled by the [[Chalukya dynasty]] from 624&nbsp;[[Common Era|CE]] to 1075&nbsp;CE.<ref name="kolluru">{{cite book |title=Inscriptions of the minor Chalukya dynasties of Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=1 |isbn=978-81-7099-216-5 |last=Kolluru |first=Suryanarayana |year=1993}}</ref> Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golconda—now part of Hyderabad—came under the control of the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] from 1158, whose seat of power was at [[Warangal]]—{{cvt|148|km|mi|0}} northeast of modern Hyderabad.<ref name="Golctime">{{harvtxt|Sardar, Golconda through Time|2007|pp=19–41}}</ref> The Kakatiya ruler [[Ganapatideva]] (1199–1262) built a [[Hilltop castle|hilltop]] [[Outpost (military)|outpost]]—later known as [[Golconda Fort]]—to defend their western region.<ref name="yimene" />

The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the [[Khalji dynasty]] in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. This lasted until 1321 when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by [[Malik Kafur]], Khalji's general.<ref name="medival India">{{cite book |title=Historical dictionary of medieval India |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |pages=85 and 141 |isbn=978-0-8108-5503-8 |last=Khan |first=Iqtidar Alam |year=2008}}</ref> During this period, Khalji took the ''[[Koh-i-Noor]]'' diamond, which is said to have been mined from the [[Kollur Mine]]s of Golconda, to Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Heritage Golconda diamond up for auction at Sotheby's |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Heritage-Golconda-diamond-up-for-auction-at-Sothebys/articleshow/12077925.cms |last=Ghose |first=Archana Khare |date=29 February 2012 |access-date=1 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510184349/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-29/hyderabad/31109972_1_heritage-golconda-type-iia-golconda-diamond |archive-date=10 May 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]]; [[Malik Maqbul Tilangani]] was appointed its governor. In 1336 the regional chieftains [[Musunuri Nayakas]]—who revolted against the Delhi sultanate in 1333—took Warangal under their direct control and declared it as their capital.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Delhi Sultanate |chapter=Muhammad Bin Tughluq |pages=61–89 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar |year=1967 |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> In 1347 when [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]], a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]], with [[Gulbarga]]—{{cvt|200|km|mi|0}} west of Hyderabad—as its capital, both the neighbouring rulers Musunuri Nayakas of Warangal and Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga engaged in many wars until 1364–65 when a peace treaty was signed and the Musunuri Nayakas ceded Golconda Fort to the Bahmani Sultan. The Bahmani Sultans ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.{{sfn|Prasad, History of the Andhras|1988|p=172}}{{sfn|Sardar, Golconda through Time|2007|p=20}}<ref name="Mainak">{{cite book |title=Perception, Design and Ecology of the Built Environment: A Focus on the Global South |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyTMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA504 |publisher=Springer Nature |page=504 |isbn=978-3-030-25879-5 |last=Ghosh |first=Mainak |year=2020 |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024075415/https://books.google.com/books?id=hyTMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA504#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Govardhan II, Visit of sufi-singer Shir Muhammad to Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, ca. 1720, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris.jpg|thumb|right|A 17th century [[Deccan painting|Deccani School]] miniature of [[Qutb Shahi]] ruler [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]] with Sufi singers in the ''[[Mehfil]]''-("gathering to entertain or praise someone").|alt=A deccani style of painting of the last Qutb Shahi ruler Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]]
<!-- SOME BOOKS IN THIS SECTION DO NOT HAVE "ISBN". FOR THOSE REFERENCES I INCLUDED URL LINKS. -->
In 1496 [[Quli Qutb Shah|Sultan Quli]] was appointed as a Bahmani governor of Telangana. He rebuilt, expanded and [[Fortification|fortified]] the old mud fort of Golconda and named the city "Muhammad Nagar". In 1518, he revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]].<ref name="Golctime" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad through the ages |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/br/2002/05/28/stories/2002052800050300.htm |last=Nayeem |first=M.A |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 May 2002 |access-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604122609/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/br/2002/05/28/stories/2002052800050300.htm |archive-date=4 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Golconda |url=http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~islamarc/WebPage1/htm_eng/index/map_e.htm |last=Matsuo |first=Ara |publisher=University of Tokyo |date=22 November 2005 |access-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613080243/http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~islamarc/WebPage1/htm_eng/index/map_e.htm |archive-date=13 June 2013}}</ref> The fifth Qutb Shahi sultan, [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]], established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591,<ref name="James">{{cite book |title=Historical dictionary of the British empire |publisher=Greenwood Press |page=544 |isbn=978-0-313-27917-1 |last1=Olson |first1=James Stuart |last2=Shadle |first2=Robert |year=1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Zad93Q6KZOuM4jrH99qaeN/Opinion--A-Hyderabadi-conundrum.html |title=Opinion A Hyderabadi conundrum |date=15 November 2018 |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115151348/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Zad93Q6KZOuM4jrH99qaeN/Opinion--A-Hyderabadi-conundrum.html |archive-date=15 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> to avoid water shortages experienced at Golconda.<ref>{{cite book |title=Developments in administration under H.E.H. the Nizam VII |publisher=Osmania University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWYeAAAAMAAJ |page=243 |year=1984 |editor1-first=Shamim |editor1-last=Aleem |editor2-last=Aleem |editor2-first=M. Aabdul |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-date=16 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216141226/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWYeAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> During his rule, he had the [[Charminar]] and [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]] built in the city.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of India |publisher=Smriti Books |page=61 |isbn=978-81-87967-71-2 |last=Bansal |first=Sunita Pant |year=2005}}</ref> On 21 September 1687, the Golconda Sultanate came under the rule of the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] after a [[Siege of Golconda|year-long siege]] of the Golconda Fort.<ref name="Richards1">{{cite journal |title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707 |first=J. F. |last=Richards |year=1975 |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |pages=241–260 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996 |volume=9 |issue=2 |s2cid=142989123 |issn=0026-749X}}</ref><ref name="Waldemar Hansen">{{cite book |title=The Peacock throne: the drama of Mogul India |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |pages=168 and 471 |isbn=978-81-208-0225-4 |last=Hansen |first=Waldemar |year=1972}}</ref> The annexed city "Hyderabad" was renamed ''Darul Jihad'' (House of War),<ref name="TH&Journal">{{cite news |title=Living Hyderabad: drum house on the hillock |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/living-hyderabad-drum-house-on-the-hillock/article21571851.ece |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 December 2017 |access-date=19 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226211248/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/living-hyderabad-drum-house-on-the-hillock/article21571851.ece |archive-date=26 February 2021}}</ref> whereas the main territories of the Golconda Sultanate were incorporated into the Mughal empire as the province [[Hyderabad Subah]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=J. F. |date=1975 |title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/311962 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=241–260 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996 |jstor=311962 |s2cid=142989123 |issn=0026-749X |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326024944/https://www.jstor.org/stable/311962 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mughal rule in Hyderabad was administered by three main governors: [[Jan Sipar Khan]] (1688–1700), his son [[Rustam Dil Khan]] (1700–13) and [[Mubariz Khan]] (1713–24).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Michell |first=George |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/268771115 |title=Architecture and art of the Deccan sultanates |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Mark Zebrowski |isbn=978-0-511-46884-1 |location=Cambridge |pages=210 |oclc=268771115}}</ref>

=== Modern history ===
In 1713, Mughal emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] appointed [[Mubariz Khan]] as Governor of Hyderabad. During his tenure, he [[City Wall of Hyderabad|fortified the city]] and controlled the internal and neighbouring threats.<ref name="Richards">{{cite book |title=The Mughal Empire, Part 1 |volume=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |pages=279–281 |last=Richards |first=John.F. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529043831/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1714 Farrukhsiyar appointed [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Asaf Jah I]] as [[Viceroy of the Deccan]]—(administrator of six Mughal governorates) with the title ''Nizam-ul-Mulk'' (Administrator of the Realm). In 1721, he was appointed as Prime Minister of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="Mehta&Roy">{{cite book |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707–1813 |publisher=Sterling Publishing |page=143 |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |year=2005}}
* {{cite book |title=Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=95 |isbn=978-0-231-80042-6 |last=Roy |first=Olivier |year=2011}}</ref> His differences with the court nobles led him to resign from all the imperial responsibilities in 1723 and leave for Deccan.<ref name="Mehta">{{cite book |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707–1813 |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |page=143 |year=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishing |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6}}</ref><ref name="Roy">{{cite book |title=Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways |last=Roy |first=Olivier |page=95 |year=2011 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-80042-6}}</ref> Under the influence of Asaf Jah I's opponents, Mughal Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] issued a decree to [[Mubariz Khan]], to stop Asaf Jah I which resulted in the [[Battle of Shakar Kheda]].<ref name="Mehta" />{{rp|93–94}} In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the ''[[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]'', named the region ''[[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad Deccan]]'', and started what came to be known as the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]]. Subsequent rulers retained the title ''Nizam ul-Mulk'' and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, or [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams of Hyderabad]].<ref name="Richards" /><ref name="columbia&TOI">{{cite book |last=Ikram |first=S. M. |title=Muslim civilization in India |publisher=Columbia University |year=1964 |isbn=978-0-231-02580-5 |editor-last=Embree |editor-first=Ainslie T |editor-link=Ainslie Embree |chapter=A century of political decline: 1707–1803 |author-link=S. M. Ikram |access-date=8 October 2011 |chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002641/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html |archive-date=6 March 2012 |url-status=live}}<br/>
{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Sushil |date=11 December 2009 |title=Testing time again for the pearl of Deccan |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Testing-time-again-for-the-Pearl-of-Deccan/articleshow/5324913.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910232115/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Testing-time-again-for-the-Pearl-of-Deccan/articleshow/5324913.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015 }}</ref> The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons and grandson—[[Nasir Jung]] (1748–1750), [[Muzaffar Jang Hidayat|Muzaffar Jang]] (1750–1751) and [[Salabat Jung]] (1751–1762)—contended for the throne backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. The accession of [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]], who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the [[Treaty of Masulipatam]]—by which the [[East India Company]] in return for a fixed annual rent, got the right to control and collect the taxes at [[Coromandel Coast]].<ref name="Reg Sal Geo">{{cite book |title=Nizam-British relations, 1724–1857 |publisher=Concept Publishing |pages=130–150 |isbn=978-81-7022-195-1 |last=Regani |first=Sarojini |year=1988}}
* {{cite book |title=A comprehensive history of medieval India |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |page=346 |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |last=Farooqui |first=Salma Ahmed |year=2011}}
* {{cite book |title=An historical sketch of the native states of India in subsidiary alliance with the British government |publisher=Asian Education Services |pages=280–292 |isbn=978-81-206-1971-5 |last=Malleson |first=George Bruce |year=2005}}
* {{cite book |title=The annals of Indian administration, Volume 14 |publisher=BiblioBazaar |page=467 |isbn=978-1-145-42314-5 |last=Townsend |first=Meredith |year=2010}}</ref>
[[File:NSR Hyderabad doubledecker bus. AlbionCX19.jpg|thumb|right|152px|A picture of a doubledecker bus in Hyderabad in the 1940s. [[Nizam State Railways - Road Transport Division|Bus services]] were introduced in Hyderabad by  1932]]
In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Asaf Jahi Nizams.<ref name="Richards" /><ref name="columbia&TOI" /> In response to regular threats from [[Hyder Ali]] (Dalwai of [[Mysore]]), [[Baji Rao I]] ([[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]]), and Basalath Jung (Asaf Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by [[French India|French]] General the [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau]]), the Nizam signed a [[subsidiary alliance]] with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the [[British Indian Army]] to be stationed at [[Bolarum]] (modern [[Secunderabad]]) to protect the state's capital, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.<ref name="Reg Sal Geo" />

Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad. With the introduction of railways in the 1880s, four factories were built to the south and east of [[Hussain Sagar]] lake,<ref>{{cite web |title=The mills, Hyderabad. |url=https://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/92037/_http___www_bl_uk_onlinegallery_onlineex_apac_photocoll_t_zoomify62268_html.html?start=6&query= |year=2013 |website=[[Europeana]] |last=Dayal |first=Deen |access-date=31 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224338/http://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/92037/_http___www_bl_uk_onlinegallery_onlineex_apac_photocoll_t_zoomify62268_html.html?start=6&query= |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> and during the early 20th century, Hyderabad was transformed into a modern city with the establishment of [[Nizam State Railways - Road Transport Division|transport services]], underground drainage, running water, [[Hussain Sagar Thermal Power Station|electricity]], telecommunications, universities, industries, and [[Begumpet Airport]]. The [[Nizams]] ruled the [[princely state]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] during the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Richards" /><ref name="columbia&TOI" />

==== Post-Independence ====
[[File:Hyderabad mills.jpg|thumb|A mill with a canal connecting to Hussain Sagar lake. Following the introduction of railways in the 1880s, factories were built around the lake.|alt=Sepia photograph of buildings around the water canal]]
After India [[Indian independence movement|gained independence]], the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] or newly formed [[Dominion of Pakistan]].<ref name="Reg Sal Geo" /> The Hyderabad State Congress, with the support of the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Communist Party of India]], began agitating against [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII|Nizam VII]] in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed [[Annexation of Hyderabad|Operation Polo]]. With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an [[Instrument of Accession]], which made him the ''[[Rajpramukh]]'' (Princely Governor) of the state until it was abolished on 31 October 1956.<ref name="columbia&TOI" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Momentous day for lovers of freedom, democracy |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/17/stories/2004091706840400.htm |last=Venkateshwarlu |first=K |date=17 September 2004 |access-date=23 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817055717/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/17/stories/2004091706840400.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>

Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the [[Telangana Rebellion|Telangana uprising]] against the [[Indian feudalism|feudal]] lords of the [[Telangana region]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Affirming life and diversity |publisher=Pragati Offset |pages=1–10 |isbn=978-1-84369-674-2 |last1=Sathees |first1=P.V. |last2=Pimbert |first2=Michel |last3=The DDS Community Media Trust |year=2008}}</ref> The [[Constitution of India]], which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the [[part B states]] of India, with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital.<ref>{{cite news |title=Demand for states along linguistic lines gained momentum in the '50s |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demand-for-states-along-linguistic-lines-gained-momentum-in-the-50s/articleshow/7250365.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 January 2011 |access-date=31 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910201915/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demand-for-states-along-linguistic-lines-gained-momentum-in-the-50s/articleshow/7250365.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> In his 1955 report ''Thoughts on Linguistic States'', [[B. R. Ambedkar]], then chairman of the [[Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution]], proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the [[second capital]] of India because of its amenities and strategic central location.<ref name="Mahesh Ambedkar">{{cite book |title=The Architect of Modern India Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |pages=132–133 |isbn=978-81-288-0954-5 |last=Ambedkar |first=Mahesh |year=2005}}</ref>

On 1 November 1956 the states of India [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|were reorganised]] by language. Hyderabad state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]]. The nine [[Telugu language|Telugu]]- and [[Urdu]]-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking [[Andhra State]] to create Andhra Pradesh,<ref>{{cite book |title=Multi-sited ethnography: theory, praxis and locality in contemporary research |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |pages=165–166 |isbn=978-0-7546-9144-0 |last=Falzon |first=Mark-Anthony |year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Police in India |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |page=142 |isbn=978-81-7156-628-0 |last=Chande |first=M. B |year=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Living together, separately |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/living-together-separately/article4358004.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |date=30 January 2013 |access-date=5 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053616/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/living-together-separately/article4358004.ece |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the [[Telangana movement]], attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Telangana movement has sparked political turf war in Andhra |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/how-telangana-movement-has-sparked-political-turf-war-in-andhra/20111005.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=5 October 2011 |access-date=19 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123122405/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/how-telangana-movement-has-sparked-political-turf-war-in-andhra/20111005.htm |archive-date=23 January 2012}}</ref> On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal,<ref>{{cite news |last=Naqshbandi |first=Aurangzeb |date=31 July 2013 |title=Telangana at last: India gets a new state, demand for other states gets a boost |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-at-last-india-gets-a-new-state-clamour-for-other-states-grow/article1-1100983.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125041752/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-at-last-india-gets-a-new-state-clamour-for-other-states-grow/article1-1100983.aspx |archive-date=25 January 2014 |access-date=31 July 2013 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}

* {{cite web |date=3 October 2013 |title=Creation of a new state of Telangana by bifurcating the existing State of Andhra Pradesh |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=99854 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214211/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=99854 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=3 October 2013 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}
* {{cite web |date=6 October 2013 |title=Text of Cabinet note on Telangana |url=http://epaper.thehansindia.com/PUBLICATIONS/THEHANSINDIA/THI/2013/10/06/ArticleHtmls/Text-of-Cabinet-Note-on-Telangana-06102013007003.shtml?Mode=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013165402/http://epaper.thehansindia.com/PUBLICATIONS/THEHANSINDIA/THI/2013/10/06/ArticleHtmls/Text-of-Cabinet-Note-on-Telangana-06102013007003.shtml?Mode=1 |archive-date=13 October 2013 |access-date=7 October 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> and in February 2014 both houses of [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] [[Act of Parliament|passed]] the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|Telangana Bill]]. With the final assent of the President of India, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014.