Editing Hybrid vehicle (section)

==Vehicle types ==

===Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles===
[[Moped]]s, [[Motorized bicycles|electric bicycles]], and even [[electric kick scooter]]s are a simple form of a hybrid, powered by an [[internal combustion|internal combustion engine]] or [[electric motor]] and the rider's muscles. Early prototype motorcycles in the late 19th century used the same principle.

* In a '''parallel hybrid bicycle''' human and motor torques are mechanically coupled at the pedal or one of the wheels, e.g. using a hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission element. Most [[motorized bicycles]], [[moped]]s are of this type.<ref>{{cite book| title=Das Power bike |language=de |isbn=978-3-89595-123-7 | url= http://gso.gbv.de/DB=2.1/SET=1/TTL=1/SHW?FRST=1&PRS=HOL&HILN=888#888 | access-date=2007-02-27|last1=Neupert |first1=Hannes |year=1997 |publisher=Moby-Dick-Verlag }}</ref>
* In a '''series hybrid bicycle''' ('''SHB''') (a kind of [[chainless bicycle]]) the user pedals a generator, charging a battery or feeding the motor, which delivers all of the torque required. They are commercially available, being simple in theory and manufacturing.<ref>{{cite book| title=Velomobile Seminar |year=1999 |isbn=978-3-9520694-1-7 | url= http://www.futurebike.ch/page.asp?DH=2305 | access-date=2006-01-11|last1=Fuchs |first1=Andreas |publisher=Future Bike Switzerland, J. Hölzle }}</ref>

The first published prototype of an SHB is by Augustus Kinzel (US Patent 3'884'317) in 1975. In 1994 Bernie Macdonalds conceived the Electrilite<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcn.org/a/Omni/ELiteBro95.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051110024215/http://www.mcn.org/a/Omni/ELiteBro95.htm |title=Greetings Ecological Transportation Futurist |website=MCN.org |archive-date=2005-11-10 |access-date=2013-04-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> SHB with power electronics allowing [[Regenerative brake|regenerative braking]] and pedaling while stationary. In 1995 Thomas Muller designed and built a "Fahrrad mit elektromagnetischem Antrieb" for his 1995 diploma thesis. In 1996 Jürg Blatter and Andreas Fuchs of Berne University of Applied Sciences built an SHB and in 1998 modified a [[Leitra]] tricycle (European patent EP 1165188). Until 2005 they built several prototype SH [[tricycle]]s and [[quadracycle (human-powered vehicle)|quadricycle]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://homepage.bluewin.ch/andreasfuchs/ |website=bluewin.ch |title=Welcome to the electronic cycle site |date=2015-05-06 |access-date=2013-04-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151016213458/http://homepage.bluewin.ch/andreasfuchs/ |archive-date=2015-10-16}}</ref> In 1999 Harald Kutzke described an "active bicycle": the aim is to approach the ideal bicycle weighing nothing and having no drag by electronic compensation.

* A '''series hybrid electric–petroleum bicycle''' ('''SHEPB''') is powered by pedals, batteries, a petrol generator, or plug-in charger—providing flexibility and range enhancements over electric-only bicycles.

A SHEPB prototype made by David Kitson in Australia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.3ders.org/articles/20150821-australian-man-builds-the-first-ever-hybrid-petrol-electric-bicycle-using-up-mini-3d-printer.html |title=Australian man builds the first ever hybrid petrol/electric bicycle using UP Mini 3D printer |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150822130227/http://www.3ders.org/articles/20150821-australian-man-builds-the-first-ever-hybrid-petrol-electric-bicycle-using-up-mini-3d-printer.html |archive-date=2015-08-22 }}</ref> in 2014 used a lightweight [[brushless DC electric motor]] from an aerial drone and small hand-tool sized [[internal combustion engine]], and a [[3D printing|3D printed]] drive system and lightweight housing, altogether weighing less than 4.5&nbsp;kg. Active cooling keeps plastic parts from softening. The prototype uses a regular electric bicycle charge port.

===Heavy vehicle===
[[File:Mettis BRT Metz.jpg|thumb|[[Bus rapid transit]] of [[Metz]], a diesel–electric hybrid driving system by [[Van Hool]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.vanhool.be/ENG/highlights/vanhoolpresentst.html |title=Van Hool presents the ExquiCity Design Mettis |access-date=2012-06-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130605074801/http://www.vanhool.be/ENG/highlights/vanhoolpresentst.html |archive-date=2013-06-05 }}</ref>]]

Hybrid [[power train]]s use [[diesel–electric powertrain|diesel–electric]] or [[turbine–electric powertrain|turbo-electric]] to power railway locomotives, buses, heavy goods vehicles, mobile [[hydraulic machinery]], and ships. A [[diesel engine|diesel]]/[[gas turbine|turbine engine]] drives an electric generator or hydraulic pump, which powers electric/hydraulic motors—strictly an electric/hydraulic transmission (not a hybrid), unless it can accept power from outside. With large vehicles, conversion losses decrease and the advantages in distributing power through wires or pipes rather than mechanical elements become more prominent, especially when powering multiple drives—e.g. driven wheels or propellers. Until recently most heavy vehicles had little secondary energy storage, e.g. batteries/[[hydraulic accumulator]]s—excepting non-nuclear [[submarines]], one of the oldest production hybrids, running on diesel while surfaced and batteries when submerged. Both series and parallel setups were used in World War II-era submarines.

====Rail transport====
{{Main|Hybrid train}}
[[File:HB-E300kei-2.JPG|thumb|[[East Japan Railway Company]] [[HB-E300 series]]]]
'''Europe'''<br />
The new [[Autorail à grande capacité]] (AGC or high-capacity railcar) built by the Canadian company [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] for service in France is diesel/electric motors, using 1500 or 25,000&nbsp;V on different rail systems.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.enn.com/sci-tech/article/24048 |title=The World's First Hybrid Train Officially Enters Commercial Service |date=2007-10-24|website=ENN.com |access-date=2012-01-13 }}</ref> It was tested in Rotterdam, the Netherlands with Railfeeding, a [[Genesee & Wyoming]] company.

'''China'''<br />
The First Hybrid Evaluating locomotive was designed by rail research center [[Matrai]] in 1999 and built in 2000. It was an [[EMD G12]] locomotive upgraded with batteries, a 200&nbsp;kW diesel generator, and four AC motors.

'''Japan'''<br />
Japan's first hybrid train with significant energy storage is the [[KiHa E200]], with roof-mounted [[lithium-ion batteries]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Japan-to-launch-first-hybrid-trains/2007/07/29/1185647720628.html |title=Japan to launch first hybrid trains |date=2007-07-29 |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |agency=AP digital |access-date=2013-04-30 }}</ref>

'''India'''<br />
Indian railway launched one of its kind [[CNG]]-Diesel hybrid trains in January 2015. The train has a 1400&nbsp;hp engine which uses fumigation technology. The first of these trains is set to run on the 81&nbsp;km long Rewari-Rohtak route.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Railways-starts-first-train-that-chugs-on-CNG/articleshow/45892086.cms |title= CNG-Diesel train launch in India|date=2015-01-15 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |access-date=2015-04-22 }}</ref> CNG is less-polluting alternative for diesel and petrol and is popular as an alternative fuel in India. Already many transport vehicles such as auto-rickshaws and buses run on CNG fuel.

'''North America'''<br />
In the US, [[General Electric]] made a locomotive with [[Sodium-Nickel-Chloride battery|sodium–nickel chloride]] (Na-NiCl<sub>2</sub>) battery storage. They expect ≥10% fuel economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecotality.com/life/2007/10/25/around-the-world-on-brakes-chug-a-chug-a-chugga/ |last=Shabna |first=John |title=GE's Hybrid Locomotive: Around The World on Brakes |publisher=Ecotality Life |date=2007-10-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228202600/http://ecotality.com/life/2007/10/25/around-the-world-on-brakes-chug-a-chug-a-chugga/ |archive-date=2009-02-28}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2012}}

Variant [[diesel electric locomotive]] include the [[Green Goat]] (GG) and [[Green Kid]] (GK) [[Switcher|switching/yard engines]] built by Canada's [[Railpower Technologies]], with [[Lead–acid battery|lead acid]] (Pba) batteries and 1000 to 2000&nbsp;hp electric motors, and a new clean-burning ≈160&nbsp;hp diesel generator. No fuel is wasted for idling: ≈60–85% of the time for these types of locomotives. It is unclear if regenerative braking is used; but in principle, it is easily utilized.

Since these engines typically need extra weight for traction purposes anyway the battery pack's weight is a negligible penalty.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} The diesel generator and batteries are normally built on an existing "retired" "yard" locomotive's frame. The existing motors and running gear are all rebuilt and reused. Fuel savings of 40–60% and up to 80% pollution reductions are claimed over a "typical" older switching/yard engine. The advantages hybrid cars have for frequent starts and stops and idle periods apply to typical switching yard use.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railpower.com/dl/GGSeries.pdf |title=GG Series: Hybrid Yard Switcher |author=RailPower Technologies |date=2006-07-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090320113617/http://www.railpower.com/dl/GGSeries.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-20 }}</ref> "Green Goat" locomotives have been purchased by [[Canadian Pacific]], [[BNSF]], [[Kansas City Southern Railway]] and [[Union Pacific]] among others.

====Cranes====
Railpower Technologies engineers working with TSI Terminal Systems are testing a hybrid diesel–electric power unit with battery storage for use in [[Rubber Tyred Gantry]] (RTG) [[Container crane|cranes]]. RTG cranes are typically used for loading and unloading shipping containers onto trains or trucks in ports and container storage yards. The energy used to lift the containers can be partially regained when they are lowered. Diesel fuel and emission reductions of 50–70% are predicted by Railpower engineers.<ref>{{cite press release |date=2006-10-10 |title=RailPower To Supply TSI Terminal Systems Inc. with hybrid power plants for rubber tyred gantry cranes |url= http://www.railpower.com/dl/news/news_2006_10_10_e.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080228210255/http://www.railpower.com/dl/news/news_2006_10_10_e.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> First systems are expected to be operational in 2007.<ref>{{cite press release | url = http://tmx.quotemedia.com/article.php?newsid=4405535&qm_symbol=P | title = Railpower to supply TSI Terminal Systems Inc. with hybrid power plants for rubber tyred gantry cranes | date=2006-10-10 | publisher = RailPower Technologies Corp.}}</ref>

====Road transport, commercial vehicles====
[[File:Cadillac Escalade Hybrid -- 04-26-2011.jpg|thumb|[[Cadillac Escalade]] hybrid version]]
Hybrid systems are regularly in use for trucks, buses and other heavy highway vehicles. Small fleet sizes and installation costs are compensated by fuel savings,<ref>Brown, Matthew. But Daniel thinks "Energy debate heats up: the high gas prices of last summer fueled the energy debate that continues today." State Legislatures 32.2 (February 2006): 12(5). Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale. Bentley Upper School Library (BAISL). 14 October 2009 [http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/start.do?prodId=EAIM Galegroup.co]</ref>{{Update after|2010|9|13}} with advances such as higher capacity, lowered battery cost, etc. Toyota, Ford, GM and others are introducing hybrid pickups and SUVs. Kenworth Truck Company recently introduced the Kenworth T270 Class 6 that for city usage seems to be competitive.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/03/hybrid_truck_un.php | title = Hybrid Truck Unveiled by Kenworth | first = Justin | last = Thomas | date=2007-03-27 | publisher = TreeHugger}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Kenworth Unveils T270 Class 6 Hybrid Truck Targeted at Municipal, Utility Applications |url= http://www.kenworth.com/6100_pre_mor.asp?file=2105 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090301095003/http://www.kenworth.com/6100_pre_mor.asp?file=2105 |archive-date=2009-03-01 |date=2007-03-21 |publisher=Kenworth Truck Company |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[FedEx]] and others are investing in hybrid delivery vehicles—particularly for city use where hybrid technology may pay off first.<ref>{{citation|url=http://affordabledenvermovers.com/hard-sell-hybrid-trucks/ |title=Hard sell for hybrid trucks |first=Christian |last=Hetzner |date=2007-11-12 |publisher=Reuters |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903070623/http://affordabledenvermovers.com/hard-sell-hybrid-trucks/ |archive-date=2014-09-03 }}</ref> {{As of|December 2013}} FedEx is trialling two delivery trucks with Wrightspeed electric motors and diesel generators; the retrofit kits are claimed to pay for themselves in a few years. The diesel engines run at a constant [[revolutions per minute|RPM]] for peak efficiency.<ref name="Wired-09.30.14">{{cite magazine|last=Golson |first=Jordan |title=FedEx's New Electric Trucks Get a Boost From Diesel Turbines |magazine=Wired |date=2014-09-30 |url= https://www.wired.com/2014/09/fedex-wrightspeed-diesel-ev-trucks/ |access-date=2014-10-01}}</ref>

In 1978 students at Minneapolis, Minnesota's Hennepin Vocational Technical Center, converted a [[VW Beetle|Volkswagen Beetle]] to a petro-hydraulic hybrid with off-the shelf components. A car rated at 32&nbsp;mpg was returning 75&nbsp;mpg with the 60&nbsp;hp engine replaced by a 16&nbsp;hp engine, and reached 70&nbsp;mph.<ref name="Mother Earth News">{{cite web|url= http://www.motherearthnews.com/Green-Transportation/1978-03-01/This-Car-Travels-75-Miles-on-a-Single-Gallon-of-Gasoline.aspx |title=Try a Hydraulic Drive Train: This Car of the Future Gets 75 MPG |publisher=Mother Earth News |date=March–April 1978 |access-date=2013-04-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121025114832/http://www.motherearthnews.com/Green-Transportation/1978-03-01/This-Car-Travels-75-Miles-on-a-Single-Gallon-of-Gasoline.aspx |archive-date=2012-10-25 }}</ref>

In the 1990s, engineers at EPA's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory developed a petro-hydraulic powertrain for a typical American sedan car. The test car achieved over 80&nbsp;mpg on combined EPA city/highway driving cycles. Acceleration was 0-60&nbsp;mph in 8 seconds, using a 1.9-liter diesel engine. No lightweight materials were used. The EPA estimated that produced in high volumes the hydraulic components would add only $700 to the cost.<ref name="demo-veh"/> Under EPA testing, a hydraulic hybrid [[Ford Expedition]] returned 32&nbsp;mpg (7.4&nbsp;L/100&nbsp;km) City, and 22 mpg (11&nbsp;L/100&nbsp;km) highway.<ref name="demo-veh">{{cite web|url= http://epa.gov/otaq/technology/research/demonstration-vehicles.htm#suv|title=Demonstration Vehicles |website=Epa.gov |date=2012-10-18 |access-date=2013-04-22}}</ref><ref name="Capturing the power of hydraulics">[http://www.autobloggreen.com/2006/06/15/capturing-the-power-of-hydraulics Capturing the power of hydraulics]. AutoblogGreen. Retrieved on 2012-04-18.</ref> [[United Parcel Service|UPS]] currently has two trucks in service using this technology.<ref name="autoblog.com">[http://www.autoblog.com/2006/06/26/epa-unveils-hydraulic-hybrid-ups-delivery-truck/ EPA unveils hydraulic hybrid UPS delivery truck]. Autoblog. Retrieved on 2012-04-18.</ref>

====Military off-road vehicles====
Since 1985, the US military has been testing [[serial hybrid]] [[Humvee]]s<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2006-02-13-humvee_x.htm | first = Steven | last = Komarow | date=2006-02-13 | newspaper = USA Today | title = Military hybrid vehicles could boost safety, mobility}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Day |first1=Lewin |title=The US Army Bought a GMC Hummer EV for Testing |url=https://www.thedrive.com/news/the-us-army-bought-a-gmc-hummer-ev-for-testing |access-date=1 October 2023 |work=The Drive |date=20 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and have found them to deliver faster acceleration, a [[Stealth technology|stealth]] mode with low [[Infrared homing|thermal signature]], near silent operation, and greater fuel economy.

====Ships====
Ships with both mast-mounted [[sail]]s and [[steam engine]]s were an early form of a hybrid vehicle. Another example is the [[diesel–electric powertrain|diesel–electric]] [[submarine]]. This runs on batteries when submerged and the batteries can be recharged by the [[diesel engine]] when the craft is on the surface.

{{As of|2022}}, there are 550 ships with an average of 1.6&nbsp;MWh of batteries. The average was 500&nbsp;kWh in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wingrove |first1=Martyn |title=Huge increase in European hybrid and electric vessels expected |url=https://www.rivieramm.com/news-content-hub/huge-growth-coming-in-european-hybrid-and-electric-vessels-69786 |website=Riviera |language=En |date=24 February 2022}}</ref>

Newer hybrid ship-propulsion schemes include large [[power kite|towing kites]] manufactured by companies such as [[SkySails]]. Towing kites can fly at heights several times higher than the tallest ship masts, capturing stronger and steadier winds.

====Aircraft====
The Boeing Fuel Cell Demonstrator Airplane has a Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell/lithium-ion battery hybrid system to power an electric motor, which is coupled to a conventional propeller. The fuel cell provides all power for the cruise phase of flight. During takeoff and climb, the flight segment that requires the most power, the system draws on lightweight lithium-ion batteries.

The demonstrator aircraft is a Dimona motor glider, built by Diamond Aircraft Industries of Austria, which also carried out structural modifications to the aircraft. With a wingspan of {{convert|16.3|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}, the airplane will be able to cruise at about {{convert|100|km/h|abbr=on}} on power from the fuel cell.<ref>"Manned airplane powered by fuel cell makes flight tests. (metals/polymers/ceramics)." Advanced Materials &amp; Processes. 165.6 (June 2007): 9(1). Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale. Gale Document Number:A166034681</ref>

Hybrid FanWings have been designed. A FanWing is created by two engines with the capability to autorotate and landing like a helicopter.<ref>{{cite web |last=Namowitz |first=Dan |title=AOPA ONLINE |url= http://www.aopa.org/aircraft/articles/2011/111220feats-of-flight.html |publisher=Thomas A. Horne |access-date=2018-05-10|date=2011-12-20 }}</ref>