Editing Hull House (section)

==Mission==
Addams followed the example of [[Toynbee Hall]], which was founded in 1884 in the [[East End]] of [[London]] as a center for social reform. She described Toynbee Hall as "a community of university men" who, while living there, held their recreational clubs and social gatherings at the settlement house among the poor people and in the same style they would in their own circle.<ref>Polikoff, Barbara Garland. ''With One Bold Act : The Story of Jane Addams'', p. 55, New York: Boswell Books, 1999.</ref> Addams and Starr established Hull House as a settlement house on September 18, 1889.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/615.html|title=Hull House|access-date=September 9, 2013|publisher=[[Chicago Historical Society]]|encyclopedia=[[Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago]]|author=Johnson, Mary Ann}}</ref>

In the 19th century a women's movement began to promote education and autonomy, and to break into traditionally male-dominated occupations for women. Organizations led by women, bonded by sisterhood, were formed for social reform, including [[settlement house]]s such as Hull House, situated in working class and poor neighborhoods. To develop "new roles for women, the first generation of New Women wove the traditional ways of their mothers into the heart of their brave new world. The social activists, often single, were led by educated [[New Woman|New Women]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith-Rosenberg |first=Carroll |url=https://archive.org/details/disorderlyconduc00smit |title=Disorderly conduct : visions of gender in Victorian America |date=1986 |location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-19-504039-5}}</ref>

Hull House became, at its inception in 1889, "a community of university women" whose main purpose was to provide social and educational opportunities for [[working class]] people (many of them recent European immigrants) in the surrounding neighborhood. The "residents" (volunteers at Hull were given this title) held classes in literature, history, art, domestic activities (such as sewing), and many other subjects. Prominent scholars and social reformers such as [[John Dewey]], [[George Herbert Mead]], [[Max Weber]], and [[W.E.B. Du Bois]] lectured at Hull House.<ref>{{Cite web |title=9 Jane Addams and John Dewey |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/41988/chapter/355433759 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=academic.oup.com |date=2022 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.34 |last1=Ralston |first1=Shane J. |pages=169–186 |isbn=978-0-19-754451-8 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='The Complementary Theory and Practice of Jane Addams and George Herbert Mead: Bending Toward Justice' |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/41988/chapter/371693037 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=academic.oup.com |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.32}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='On the Maturation of Addams Studies: A Figure of Vital Intellectual and Practical Significance' |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/41988/chapter/378416876 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=academic.oup.com |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Legacies of Jane Addams and W. E. B. Du Bois: Lessons for Scholarship on Diversity and Inclusion in Organizations' |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/41988/chapter/362499644 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=academic.oup.com |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.33}}</ref> In addition, Hull House held concerts that were free to everyone, offered free lectures on current issues, and operated clubs for both children and adults.
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Its facilities included a night school for adults, [[kindergarten]] classes, clubs for older children, a public kitchen, an [[art gallery]], a [[coffeehouse]], a [[gym]]nasium, a girls club, a swimming pool, bathhouse, a [[Bookbinding|book bindery]], a [[music school]], a drama group, a library, and labor-related divisions. Addams's adult night school was a forerunner of the [[continuing education]] classes offered by many [[universities]] today. In addition to making available services and cultural opportunities for the largely immigrant population of the neighborhood, Hull House afforded an opportunity for young social workers to acquire training. Eventually, the Hull House became a 13-building settlement and included a playground and a summer camp, the Bowen Country Club.
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In 1892, Addams published her thoughts on what has been described as "the three R's" of the settlement house movement: residence, research, and reform. These involved "close cooperation with the neighborhood people, scientific study of the causes of poverty and dependence, communication of these facts to the public, and persistent pressure for [legislative and social] reform..."<ref>{{cite journal | jstor=40190170 | title=The Heritage from Chicago's Early Settlement Houses | author=Wade. Louise C. | journal=Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society | date=Winter 1967 | volume=60 | issue=4 | pages=411–441, 414}}</ref>  Hull House conducted careful studies of the [[Near West Side, Chicago]] community, which became known as "The Hull House Neighborhood".  These studies enabled the Hull House residents to confront the establishment, eventually partnering with them in the design and implementation of programs intended to enhance and improve the opportunities for success by the largely immigrant population.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/410008.html|access-date=March 26, 2007|year=2005|publisher=Chicago Historical Society|title=Hull-House Maps Its Neighborhood|encyclopedia=The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago}}</ref>

According to Christie and Gauvreau (2001), while the Christian settlement houses sought to Christianize, Jane Addams, "had come to epitomize the force of secular humanism." Her image was, however, "reinvented" by the Christian churches.<ref>Christie, C., Gauvreau, M. (2001). A Full-Orbed Christianity: The Protestant Churches and Social Welfare in Canada, 1900–1940 McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, January 19, 2001 pg 107</ref> According to the Jane Addams Hull-House Museum, "Some social settlements were linked to religious institutions. Others, like Hull-House [co-founded by Addams], were secular."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/_learn/_aboutjane/aboutjane.html|title=landing page|website=Jane Addams Hull-House Museum|access-date=March 25, 2018}}</ref>

In 1895, the Hull-House Association released "Hull-House Maps and Papers." This publication consisted of essays authored by Hull-House residents and collaborators, overseen by Jane Addams. Alongside the essays, the book featured two maps illustrating the spatial distribution of immigrants from eighteen different nationalities residing within a one-third square mile radius around Hull-House. "The book was notable for its impact on the University of Chicago Sociology Department ... Development of mapping as a statistical technique to reveal social group patterns became a major contribution of the Chicago School."<ref>Hassencahl, Fran.  “Jane Addams.”  ''Women Public Speakers in the United States, 1800-1925: A Biocritical Sourcebook''.  Karlyn Kohrs Campbell (ed.).  Westport, CT; London: Greenwood Press, 1993.  pp. 3-4.</ref>

Settlement houses were established on the principles of Christian Socialism and the Social Gospel, which held the belief that the application of social sciences could address the challenges faced by urban residents in industrialized societies. Jane strongly asserted that the primary beneficiaries of the efforts at the settlement house were the residents themselves, rather than the local community.<ref>Reynolds, Moira Davison.  ''Women Champions of Human Rights: Eleven U.S. Leaders of the Twentieth Century''.  Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 1991.  p. 6</ref> Nevertheless, Jane recognized that to effectively tackle these issues, it was essential to comprehend them thoroughly. Consequently, she mobilized teams to investigate social problems in the vicinity of Hull-House.

Hassencahl asserts that Hull-House evolved into a globally significant hub of intellectual activity, attracting leaders from various fields to engage in teaching, studying, and research. Deegan further elaborates that for women sociologists, Hull-House held a similar significance as the University of Chicago did for their male counterparts, serving as a central institution for research and social discourse. Alongside disseminating their discoveries, the insights derived from these inquiries played a crucial role in advocating for legislative reforms aimed at improving the conditions of immigrants and the impoverished.<ref>Hassencahl, Fran. pp. 3-4.</ref><ref>Deegan, Mary Jo.  ''Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892-1918/.  New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1988.  p. 33.''</ref><ref>''Faderman, Lillian.  “Social Housekeeping: The Inspiration of Jane Addams.”  To Believe in Women: What Lesbians Have Done for America—A History.  Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999.  pp. 115-135.''</ref>

Jane didn't intend to become a sociologist. In the preface of Hull-House Maps and Papers, she mentioned that the residents of the settlement house typically didn't engage in sociological inquiries, which she distinguished from investigations into labor abuses or factory conditions. She expressed her opposition to viewing the neighborhood as a laboratory, emphasizing that Hull-House aimed to assist the neighbors rather than study them.<ref>''Deegan, Mary Jo. p. 35.''</ref> However, she ended up becoming a sociologist. Faderman describes Jane as "probably the first to take the work of female social scientists seriously."<ref>''Faderman, Lillian. p. 122.''</ref> She was one of the founding members of the American Sociological Association, established in 1905. Additionally, she lectured on sociology at both the University of Chicago Extension and the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy.

Jane's perspective aside, Hull-House represented a form of experimentation. Fortunately, it was replicable. By 1900, nearly 100 settlement houses akin to Hull-House had emerged across the United States. Moreover, Jane spurred a shift in the objectives of existing groups. Women's clubs, initially established by affluent women for cultural enrichment, joined forces to establish the Federation of Women's Clubs, directing their efforts towards civic endeavors such as eradicating child labor, establishing public libraries, and reforming tenements.

During that era, a familiar dichotomy emerged, resonating with contemporary readers. Male members of the University of Chicago Sociology Department tended to maintain a distance from their subjects. They operated from their offices within the university, using coordination for their studies. Women sociologists were often viewed by their male counterparts as mere data collectors. Conversely, women sociologists perceived sociology as a tool. While men regarded the data they gathered and the insights they derived as the ultimate goal, women viewed them as indicators of issues needing resolution. Their envisioned role was that of problem solvers.

Post-World War II, there arose a trend to quantify and "scientify" all aspects of what are now recognized as the social sciences. Consequently, sociology was embraced by business and science, with male faculty assuming predominant roles. By 1920, at the University of Chicago, all female professors were transferred from the Sociology Department to the Department of Social Services.