Editing Howard Hawks (section)

==Early life and background==
Howard Winchester Hawks was born in [[Goshen, Indiana]]. He was the first-born child of Frank Winchester Hawks (1865–1950), a wealthy paper manufacturer, and his wife, Helen Brown (née Howard; 1872–1952), the daughter of a wealthy industrialist. Hawks's family on his father's side were American pioneers, and his ancestor John Hawks had emigrated from [[England]] to [[Massachusetts]] in 1630. The family eventually settled in Goshen and by the 1890s was one of the wealthiest families in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]], due mostly to the highly profitable Goshen Milling Company.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|pp=18-–9}}

Hawks's maternal grandfather, C. W. Howard (1845–1916), had homesteaded in [[Neenah, Wisconsin]], in 1862 at age 17. Within 15 years he had made his fortune in the town's [[paper mill]] and other industrial endeavors.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=25}} Frank Hawks and Helen Howard met in the early 1890s and married in 1895. Howard Hawks was the eldest of five children, and his birth was followed by [[Kenneth Hawks|Kenneth Neil Hawks]] (August 12, 1898 – January 2, 1930), [[William Hawks|William Bellinger Hawks]] (January 29, 1901 – January 10, 1969), Grace Louise Hawks (October 17, 1903 – December 23, 1927), and Helen Bernice Hawks (1906 – May 4, 1911). In 1898, the family moved back to Neenah where Frank Hawks began working for his father-in-law's Howard Paper Company.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|pp=27–29}}

Between 1906 and 1909, the Hawks family began to spend more time in [[Pasadena, California]], during the cold Wisconsin winters in order to improve Helen Hawks's ill health. Gradually, they began to spend only their summers in Wisconsin before permanently moving to Pasadena in 1910.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=31}} The family settled in a house down the street from [[California Institute of Technology|Throop Polytechnic Institute]], and the Hawks children began attending the school's [[Polytechnic School|Polytechnic Elementary School]] in 1907.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|pp=34–35}} Hawks was an average student and did not excel in sports, but by 1910 had discovered [[Gravity racer|coaster racing]], an early form of [[Gravity racer|soapbox racing]]. In 1911, Hawks's youngest sibling, Helen, died suddenly of food poisoning.<ref>{{harvnb|McCarthy|1997|pp=34–36}}; {{harvnb|Wakeman|1987|pp=446–451}}</ref> From 1910 to 1912, Hawks attended [[Pasadena High School (Pasadena, California)|Pasadena High School]]. In 1912, the Hawks family moved to nearby [[Glendora, California]], where Frank Hawks owned orange groves. Hawks finished his junior year of high school at Citrus Union High School in Glendora.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=36}}<!--guessing at the page number since I can't find it in the Google book scan--> During this time he worked as a [[barnstorming]] pilot.<ref name=Barson>{{cite web|last1=Barson|first1=Michael|title=Howard Hawks, American director|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Howard-Hawks|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=7 September 2017|language=en}}</ref>

He was sent to [[Phillips Exeter Academy]] in [[New Hampshire]] from 1913 to 1914; his family's wealth may have influenced his acceptance to the elite private school. Even though he was 17, he was admitted as a lower middleclassman, the equivalent of a [[sophomore]]. While in [[New England]], Hawks often attended the theaters in nearby [[Boston]]. In 1914, Hawks returned to Glendora and graduated from Pasadena High School that year.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|p=36}}<!--guessing at the page number since I can't find it in the Google book scan--> Skilled in [[tennis]], at 18 Hawks won the United States Junior Tennis Championship.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arnold |first1=Gary |title=Hollywood Director Howard Hawks Dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/12/28/hollywood-director-howard-hawks-dies/53c2ef09-4fd6-4b63-a1f8-bfbb19d59920/ |access-date=September 4, 2018 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=December 28, 1977}}</ref> That same year, Hawks was accepted to [[Cornell University]] in [[Ithaca, New York]], where he majored in [[mechanical engineering]] and was a member of [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]]. His college friend Ray S. Ashbury remembered Hawks spending more of his time playing [[craps]] and drinking alcohol than studying, although Hawks was also known to be a voracious reader of popular American and English novels in college.{{sfn|McCarthy|1997|pp=36–39}}

While working in the film industry during his 1916 summer vacation, Hawks made an unsuccessful attempt to transfer to [[Stanford University]]. He returned to Cornell that September, leaving in April 1917 to join the [[United States Army|Army]] when the [[United States]] entered [[World War I]]. He served as a lieutenant in the [[Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps]].<ref>Sragow, Michael. [https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/4005-only-angels-have-wings-hawks-s-genius-takes-flight "Only Angels Have Wings: Hawks's Genius Takes Flight"], ''[[The Criterion Channel]] website'', April 12, 2016. Accessed April 19, 2021.</ref> During World War I, he taught aviators to fly, and these experiences influenced future aviation films like [[The Dawn Patrol (1930 film)|''The Dawn Patrol'']] (1930).{{sfn|Mast|1982|p=5}} Like many college students who joined the armed services during the war, he received a degree in absentia in 1918. Before Hawks was called for active duty, he returned to [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] and, by the end of April 1917, was working on a [[Cecil B. DeMille]] film.