Editing House of Hanover (section)

==History==
===Dukes and Electors of Brunswick-Lüneburg===
[[George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]] was the first member of the House of Hanover.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Queenship in Britain 1660–1837: Royal Patronage, Court Culture and Dynastic Politics |date=2002 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=9780719057694 |editor-last=Orr |editor-first=Clarissa Campbell |edition=1st |location=Manchester}}{{rp|195}}</ref> When the [[Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg]] was divided in 1635, George inherited the [[Principality of Calenberg]] and moved his residence to Hanover. His son, [[Christian Louis, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Christian Louis]], inherited the [[Principality of Lüneburg]] from George's brother. Calenberg and Lüneburg were then shared between George's sons until united in 1705 under his grandson, also called George, who subsequently became [[George I of Great Britain]]. All members held the title of ''Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg''.
* [[George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]], first member of the House of Hanover.
* [[Christian Louis, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Christian Louis]], 1st son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg (1641–1648) and Prince of Lüneburg (1648–1665). He relinquished Calenburg when he became Prince of Lüneburg.
* [[George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|George William]], 2nd son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg (1648–1665) and Prince of Lüneburg (1665–1705). He relinquished Calenburg when he became Prince of Lüneburg on the death of his brother, Christian Louis.
* [[John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|John Frederick]], 3rd son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg (1665–1679).
* [[Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Ernest Augustus]], 4th son of Duke George, Prince of Calenberg (1679–1698). He became Prince of Calenberg on the death of his brother John Frederick. He was elevated to [[prince-elector]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1692. Ernest Augustus's wife, [[Sophia of Hanover|Sophia of the Palatinate]], was declared heiress of the throne of England by the [[Act of Settlement 1701|Act of Settlement of 1701]], which decreed [[Roman Catholics]] could not accede to the throne. Sophia was at that time the senior eligible Protestant descendant of [[James I of England]].
* [[George I of Great Britain|George Louis]], son of Duke Ernest Augustus and Sophia, became Elector and Prince of Calenberg in 1698 and Prince of Lüneburg when his uncle George William died in 1705. He inherited his mother's claim to the throne of Great Britain when she died in 1714.

=== Monarchs of Great Britain, Ireland, and Hanover ===
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George Louis became the first British monarch of the House of Hanover as George I in 1714.<ref name="Picknett">{{Cite book |last1=Picknett |first1=Lynn |title=War of the Windsors: A Century of Unconstitutional Monarchy |last2=Prince |first2=Clive |last3=Prior |first3=Stephen |last4=Brydon |first4=Robert |publisher=Mainstream Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=1-84018-631-3}}.</ref>{{rp|13}} The dynasty provided six British monarchs:

''Of the Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]]'' (changed in 1801 to ''the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]''):{{NoteTag|In 1801, the British and Irish kingdoms merged, forming the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]].}}
# [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 1714–1727) (Georg Ludwig = George Louis)
# [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 1727–1760) (Georg August = George Augustus)
# [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 1760–1820)
# [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 1820–1830)
# [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]] ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 1830–1837)
# [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 1837–1901).

George I, George II, and George III also served as electors and dukes of [[Brunswick-Lüneburg]], informally, Electors of [[Hanover]] (cf. ''[[Personal union#Hanover|personal union]]''). They served as [[dual monarchy|dual monarchs]] of Britain and Hanover, maintaining control of the [[Hanoverian Army]] and foreign policy. From 1814, when Hanover became a kingdom following the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the British monarch was also [[King of Hanover]].

Upon the death of William IV in 1837, the [[Personal union of Great Britain and Hanover|personal union of the thrones]] of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] and Hanover ended. Succession to the Hanoverian throne was regulated by [[semi-Salic law]] (agnatic-cognatic), which gave priority to all male lines before female lines, and so it passed not to Queen Victoria but to her uncle, the [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Duke of Cumberland]].<ref name="Picknett" />{{rp|13,14}} In 1901, when Queen Victoria, the last British monarch provided by the House of Hanover, died, her son and heir [[Edward VII]] became the first British monarch of the [[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]. Edward took his family name from that of his father, [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]].<ref name="Picknett" />{{rp|14}}

===After end of personal union===
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After the death of William IV in 1837, the following kings of Hanover continued the dynasty:

* [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover]] (r. 1837–1851)
* [[George V of Hanover|George V]] (r. 1851–1866, deposed)

The [[Kingdom of Hanover]] ended in 1866, when it was annexed by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], and the King of Hanover (and Duke of Cumberland) was forced to go into exile in Austria. The 1866 rift between the houses of Hanover and Hohenzollern was settled by the 1913 marriage of [[Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia]] to [[Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick]], the last king's grandson.

=== Prince-bishops of Osnabrück ===
At the end of the [[Thirty Years' War]], the [[Peace of Westphalia]] (1648) awarded the [[Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück]] alternately to a Catholic bishop and to a cadet branch of Brunswick-Lüneburg.<ref name="duggan2011">{{Cite book |last=Duggan |first=J. N. |title=Sophia of Hanover: From Winter Princess to Heiress of Great Britain, 1630–1714 |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=2011 |isbn=9780720614237 |location=London |quote=According to the Peace of Westphalia, the See of Osnabrück was to be held alternately by a Catholic and a Protestant incumbent; the Protestant bishop was to be a younger son of the Brunswick-Lüneburg family.}}</ref> Since the treaty gave cadets priority over heirs and reigning princes, Osnabrück became a form of [[appanage]] (in alternation) of the House of Hanover.

* [[Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg]] (r. 1662–1698), fourth son of [[George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]
* [[Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany]] (r. 1715–1728), sixth son of [[Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]
* [[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany]] (r. 1764–1802), second son of [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]]

Osnabrück was [[German mediatization|mediatized]] to Hanover in 1803.

=== Dukes of Brunswick ===
[[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1816-1837).svg|thumb|Arms of the Hanoverian kings of the United Kingdom (1816–1837)]]
[[File:Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Hanover.svg|thumb|[[Coat of arms]] of the [[Kingdom of Hanover]] 1837]]

In 1884, the senior branch of the [[House of Welf]] became extinct. By [[semi-Salic law]], the House of Hanover would have acceded to the [[Duchy of Brunswick]], but there had been strong Prussian pressure against having George V of Hanover or his son, the [[Ernest Augustus, 3rd Duke of Cumberland|Duke of Cumberland]], succeed to a member state of the German Empire, at least without strong conditions including the swearing to the German constitution. By a law of 1879, the Duchy of Brunswick established a temporary council of regency to take over at the Duke's death and, if necessary, to appoint a regent.

The Duke of Cumberland proclaimed himself Duke of Brunswick at the Duke's death, and lengthy negotiations ensued but were never resolved. [[Prince Albrecht of Prussia|Prince Albert of Prussia]] was appointed regent. After his death in 1906, [[Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg]] succeeded him. The Duke of Cumberland's eldest son died in a car accident in 1912; the father renounced Brunswick in favour of his younger son [[Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick|Ernest Augustus]], who married the Kaiser's daughter [[Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia|Victoria Louise]] the same year, swore allegiance to the German Empire and was allowed to ascend the throne of the Duchy in November 1913. He was a major-general during the [[First World War]], but he was overthrown as Duke of Brunswick in 1918. His father was also deprived of his British titles in 1919 for "bearing arms against Great Britain".

After having left [[Brunswick Palace]], the duke and his family moved back to their exile seat [[Cumberland Castle]] at [[Gmunden]], Austria, but in 1924 he received [[Blankenburg Castle (Harz)|Blankenburg Castle]] and some other estates in a settlement with the [[Free State of Brunswick]], and moved there in 1930. A few days before Blankenburg was handed over to the [[Red Army]] by British and American forces in late 1945, to become part of [[East Germany]], the family quickly moved to [[Marienburg Castle (Hanover)]] with all their furniture, transported by British army trucks by the order of King [[George VI]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Viktoria Luise (Herzogin zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQ5oAAAAMAAJ |title=The Kaiser's Daughter: Memoirs of H. R. H. Viktoria Luise, Duchess of Brunswick and Lüneburg, Princess of Prussia |publisher=Prenticse-Hall |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-13-514653-8}}</ref> Duke Ernest Augustus died at Marienburg Castle in 1953. His [[Herrenhausen Palace]] in Hanover had been completely destroyed during World War II. His eldest son, [[Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover (1914–1987)|Prince Ernest Augustus]], sold his remaining property at [[Herrenhausen Gardens]] in 1961 but kept the nearby Princely House, a small palace built in 1720 by George I for his daughter Anna Louise. It is now his grandson [[Prince Ernst August of Hanover (born 1983)|Ernest Augustus]]'s private home.

=== Claimants ===

The later heads of the House of Hanover have been:
* [[George V of Hanover|George V]] (1866–1878)
* [[Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover]], 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale (1878–1923)
* [[Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick]] (1923–1953), son of the previous
* [[Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover (1914–1987)|Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover]] (1953–1987)
* [[Prince Ernst August of Hanover (born 1954)|Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover]] (1987–present)
** [[Prince Ernst August of Hanover (born 1983)|Ernest Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Hanover]] ([[heir apparent]])

The family has been resident in Austria since 1866 and thus took on Austrian nationality besides their German and British. Since the later king [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Ernest Augustus]] had been created [[Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale]] and [[Earl of Armagh]] by his father [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] in 1799, these British peerages were inherited by his descendants. In 1914 the title of a [[Prince of Great Britain and Ireland]] was additionally granted to the members of the house by King [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]. These peerages and titles however were suspended under the [[Titles Deprivation Act 1917]].{{NoteTag|Privately however the British Royal Family (of the [[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]], alias [[House of Windsor]]) continued to call their German branch ''the Cumberlands'', for instance when [[Edward VIII]] described his visit to the family in Gmunden in a letter to his mother in 1937.}} However, the title ''Royal Prince of Great Britain and Ireland'' had been entered into the family's German passports, together with the German titles, in 1914. After the [[German Revolution of 1918–19]], with the abolishment of nobility's privileges,{{NoteTag|In 1919 [[royal family|royalty]] and [[nobility]] lost their privileges as such in Germany, hereditary titles thereafter being legally retained only as part of the surname, according to [http://www.zum.de/psm/weimar/weimar_vve.php#First_Chapter_:_The_Individual Article 109] the [[Weimar Constitution]].}} titles officially became parts of the last name. So, curiously, the British prince's title is still part of the family's last name in their German passports, while it is no longer mentioned in their British documents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In der Prinzenrolle |url=http://www.haz.de/Hannover/Aus-der-Stadt/Uebersicht/Exklusiv-Hannovers-Prinz-Ernst-August-im-HAZ-Interview |website=HAZ – Hannoversche Allgemeine |access-date=22 January 2018 |archive-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831060428/http://www.haz.de/Hannover/Aus-der-Stadt/Uebersicht/Exklusiv-Hannovers-Prinz-Ernst-August-im-HAZ-Interview |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 29 August 1931, [[Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick]], as head of the House of Hanover, declared the formal resumption, for himself and his dynastic descendants, of use of his former British princely title as a secondary [[pretender|title of pretense]], which style, "Royal Prince of Great Britain and Ireland", his grandson, the current head of the house, also called [[Prince Ernst August of Hanover (born 1954)|Ernest Augustus]], continues to claim.<ref>[http://www.welfen.de/each.htm Ernst August (geb.1954) Prinz von Hannover] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121222325/http://www.welfen.de/each.htm |date=21 January 2021 }} at welfen.de {{in lang|de}}</ref> He has the right to petition under the [[Titles Deprivation Act 1917]] for the restoration of his ancestors' suspended British peerages ''Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale'' and ''Earl of Armagh'', but he has not done so. His father, another [[Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover (1914–1987)|Ernest Augustus]], did, however, successfully claim British nationality after World War II by virtue of a hitherto overlooked (and since repealed) provision of the [[Sophia Naturalization Act 1705]].<ref>''Attorney-General v HRH Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover'' [1957] 1 All ER 49</ref> According to the decision taken by a court of the [[House of Lords]], all family members bear the last name ''[[House of Guelph|Guelph]]'' in the UK and are styled [[Royal Highness]]es in their documents.