Editing Hopewell, Virginia (section)

==History==
{{seealso|National Register of Historic Places listings in Hopewell, Virginia}}

=== City Point ===
{{main|City Point, Virginia}}
The city was founded to take advantage of its site overlooking the [[James River (Virginia)|James]] and [[Appomattox River]]s. [[City Point, Virginia|City Point]], the oldest part of Hopewell, was established in 1613 by Sir [[Thomas Dale]]. It was first known as "Bermuda City". (At this time, [[Bermuda]], the Atlantic archipelago, was considered part of the Colony of Virginia and appeared on its maps.)  The name soon changed to [[Charles City (Virginia Company)|Charles City]].   In 1619 Samuel Sharpe and Samuel Jordan from  were burgesses from Charles City at the first meeting of the [[House of Burgesses]]. "Charles City Point" was in [[Charles City Shire]] when the first eight [[shire]]s were established in the Colony of Virginia in 1634. Charles City Shire soon became known as [[Charles City County, Virginia|Charles City County]] in 1643. 
The burgesses separated an area of the county south of the river, including City Point, establishing it separately as Prince George County in 1703. 

During the [[American Civil War]], Union [[Ulysses S. Grant|General Ulysses S. Grant]] used City Point as his headquarters during the [[Siege of Petersburg]] in 1864 and 1865. Grant's headquarters, which President Lincoln visited, were located at [[Appomattox Manor]], one of the three plantations of [[Richard Eppes]], who cultivated wheat and other grains and held 130 slaves at the beginning of the war.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4248988 Bowman, Shearer Davis. "Conditional Unionism and Slavery in Virginia, 1860-1861: The Case of Dr. Richard Eppes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207223502/http://www.jstor.org/stable/4248988 |date=February 7, 2016 }}, ''Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'' 96 (January 1988): 31-54, accessed June 13, 2012</ref>

His property included most of the present-day city of Hopewell and Eppes Island, a plantation across the James River from City Point. Richard Slaughter, a former slave of Eppes, escaped to a Union ship during the Civil War,<ref name="Slaughter"/> as did all but 12 of Eppes' 130 slaves, choosing freedom.<ref name="NPS">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070102190447/http://www.nps.gov/archive/pete/mahan/edbiosre.html Dr. Richard Eppes]</ref> Slaughter recounted his life story for a [[Works Progress Administration]] interviewer in 1936.<ref name="Slaughter">[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mesn&fileName=170/mesn170.db&recNum=49&itemLink=D?mesnbib:4:./temp/~ammem_h6L0:: "Autobiography of Richard Slaughter"], pp. 46-49, ''Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938,'' ''American Memory'', Library of Congress, accessed June 13, 2012</ref>

The [[City Point Railroad]], built in 1838 between City Point and [[Petersburg, Virginia|Petersburg]], was used as a critical part of the siege strategy. It is considered the oldest portion of the [[Norfolk and Western Railway]], now a part of [[Norfolk Southern]].

City Point was an unincorporated town in Prince George County until the City of Hopewell annexed the Town of City Point in 1923.  Despite the evolving name, Hopewell/City Point is the second oldest continuously inhabited English settlement in the United States after [[Hampton, Virginia|Hampton]]. [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] no longer is inhabited.

===Hopewell Farm===
Hopewell, part of the Eppes' plantation, was developed by [[DuPont|DuPont Company]] in 1914 as '''Hopewell Farm''', an incorporated area in Prince George County. DuPont first built a [[dynamite]] factory there, then switched to the manufacture of [[guncotton]] during [[World War I]].

Nearly burned to the ground in the Hopewell Fire of 1915, the city prospered afterward and became known as the "Wonder City" as the village of Hopewell grew from a hamlet of 400 in 1916 to a city of more than 20,000 people in a few short months. Unlike most cities in Virginia, Hopewell was never incorporated as a town, but it was incorporated as an [[independent city (United States)|independent city]] in 1916.

After DuPont abandoned the city following World War I, moving its manufacturing facilities elsewhere and specializing in other products, Hopewell briefly became a ghost town until 1923 when Tubize Corporation established a plant on the old DuPont site. The same year, the city of Hopewell annexed the neighboring town of City Point, which enabled it to expand and thrive. The Tubize plant was later acquired by [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company]] and was a major employer in Hopewell for decades. [[Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation]] and [[Hercules Inc.|Hercules Chemical]] also established plants on portions of the old DuPont site.

===20th century populace===
As early as its incorporation, Hopewell was a city of industrious migrants. Immigrants from [[Bohemia]] (now the western lands of the Czech Republic),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mariepearson.com/the-bohemians-in-virginia-1880s---1930ish.html|title=The Bohemians in Virginia 1880s - 1930ish|website=Marie Blaha Pearson - A Bohemian Journey|access-date=April 3, 2018}}</ref> [[Italy]], and [[Greece]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://appomattoxcl.archivalweb.com/imageViewer.php?i=1134851&q=greek+immigrants&s=q=greek+immigrants&p=29&r=0|title=Appomattox Regional Library System Historic Newspapers &ndash; Microfilm Image Viewer|website=appomattoxcl.archivalweb.com|access-date=April 3, 2018}}</ref> populated the city, working in factories and opening small businesses. Others migrated from other parts of Virginia and neighboring states of [[North Carolina]] and [[West Virginia]] to work in Hopewell's industries.

As was the case in most southern cities, African Americans in Hopewell were subject to [[Jim Crow]] segregation until the success of the [[Civil Rights Movement]]. The picturesque theater in the middle of town, the [[Beacon Theatre (Hopewell, Virginia)|Beacon Theatre]], only allowed Blacks in the balcony.<ref name="Lee">{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Lauranett |title=Making the American Dream Work: A Cultural History of African Americans in Hopewell, Virginia |publisher=Morgan James Publisher |year=2008 |location=Hampton, VA |author-link=Lauranett Lee}}</ref> In August 1966, the [[Ku Klux Klan]] confronted the Reverend [[Curtis W. Harris|Curtis Harris]] and other Black Hopewell citizens when they attempted to petition the city manager to find an alternate location for a landfill that was going to be opened in the middle of a Black neighborhood.<ref name="Lee"/><ref>Interview with Curtis Harris http://dig.library.vcu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/voices/id/4 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504132943/http://dig.library.vcu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/voices/id/4 |date=May 4, 2017 }}</ref> Hopewell public schools were desegregated under court order in 1963, following ''Renee Patrice GILLIAM et al v. School Board of the City of Hopewell, Virginia.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freelawreporter.org/flr3d/f2d/332/332.F2d.460.9258.html|title=332 F.2d 460 - Renee Patrice GILLIAM and Reuben Lemuel Gilliam, Jr., infants, by Reuben L. Gilliam and Joy T. Gilliam, their father and mother and next friends, et al., Appellees, v. SCHOOL BOARD OF the CITY OF HOPEWELL, VIRGINIA, and Charles W. Smith, Division Superintendent of Schools of the City of Hopewell, Virginia, and E. J. Oglesby, Alfred L. Wingo and E. T. Justis, constituting the Pupil Placement Board of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Appellants.|website=www.freelawreporter.org|access-date=April 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073413/http://www.freelawreporter.org/flr3d/f2d/332/332.F2d.460.9258.html|archive-date=April 4, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===1935 bus tragedy===
Hopewell made national news when, on December 22, 1935, a [[bus]] plunged through the open draw of the Appomattox River Drawbridge on [[State Route 10 (Virginia)|State Route 10]] just outside Hopewell's city limits. Only one of the 15 occupants of the bus survived. The modern twin spans of the [[Charles Hardaway Marks Bridges]] were built to replace that bridge and cross the river nearby.

===Urban renewal===
Like many cities, Hopewell embarked on an [[urban renewal]] plan in the 1960s in an attempt to revitalize its downtown retail area. The plan was a failure because many of the retail businesses that had been located downtown moved elsewhere to new shopping centers being developed outside the [[city limits]] in Petersburg, Chester, and Prince George County. With the exception of a new branch bank and a [[Hardee's]] fast food restaurant constructed in the late 1970s, the former downtown area that was razed for redevelopment remained a vast gravel parking lot for decades.

However, a new urbanization is occurring, and many long vacant storefronts are now refurbished and occupied. Several others are now under construction. Further, the City invested $12 million in a new beautiful state of the art flagship library for the busy Appomattox Regional Library System, the Maude Langhorne Nelson Library. The library has a cyber cafe, extensive YA and children's collections, and a replica of the historic, 1600s-era frigate ship, ''Hopewell'', installed as a centerpiece.<ref>Institute of Museum and Library Services, 2014 ARLS {{cite web |url=https://data.imls.gov/Public-Libraries-Survey/Library-Systems-FY-2014-Public-Libraries-Survey-Ad/ckgu-babp |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 9, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104151425/https://data.imls.gov/Public-Libraries-Survey/Library-Systems-FY-2014-Public-Libraries-Survey-Ad/ckgu-babp |archive-date=November 4, 2016 }}</ref><ref>Official Website of the City of Hopewell http://hopewellva.gov/library/</ref> The city also restored the Beacon Theatre, which was built in 1928, and there are 70 or more concerts and other events annually. Performers there include [[The Temptations]], [[The Four Tops]], [[Vince Gill]], [[Travis Tritt]], [[Clint Black]], [[Amy Grant]], [[Average White Band]], [[Vanilla Ice]], [[The Commodores]], [[Pure Prairie League]], [[Delbert McClinton]], and many more.

New plantings and street beautification projects have been put into place, to attract more businesses and shoppers to the East Broadway area.

===Toxic waste dumping ground===
[[Image:Hopewell29.jpg|thumb|right|Smokestacks rise from Hopewell's skyline, seen from Chesterfield County]]

Hopewell is located at the confluence of the Appomattox and James rivers.<ref name=Gorman>Sean Gorman, [https://www.richmond.com/news/local/central-virginia/hopewell-opens-new-riverwalk-path-to-take-advantage-of-shoreline-views-waterway-access/article_1ba1292a-969d-5b6b-a568-822f50d81229.html Hopewell opens new Riverwalk path to take advantage of shoreline views, waterway access], ''Richmond Times-Dispatch'' (May 3, 2019).</ref> The James River has suffered from serious [[water pollution]] problems attributable to chemical dumping; [[Kepone]] insecticide (manufactured in Hopewell from 1966&ndash;1975) was dumped in the river by the pesticide's manufacturer [[Allied Signal]] and subcontractor LifeSciences Product Company.<ref name=Gorman/> The LifeSciences facility in Hopewell was the world's only manufacturer of Kepone, producing up to 6,000 pounds daily.<ref name=foster05>Richard Foster, [https://richmondmagazine.com/news/kepone-disaster-pesticide/ Kepone: The 'Flour' Factory], ''Richmond Magazine'' (July 8, 2005).</ref> Although closely related to the toxic pesticide [[DDT]], which was banned in the U.S. in 1972 because of the dangers it presents to humans and wildlife, Kepone was not federally regulated until after the Hopewell disaster, in which 29 factory workers were hospitalized with various ailments.<ref name=foster05/> In 1975, the state health department shut down the facility, and fishing in the James River from Richmond to the [[Chesapeake Bay]] was banned due to contamination concerns.<ref name=foster05/>

Kepone is cited amongst a handful of other noxious substances as the driver for [[Gerald Ford]]'s half-hearted approval of the [[Toxic Substances Control Act]], which "remains one of the most controversial regulatory bills ever passed".<ref name="hanson07">{{cite journal |last1=Hanson |first1=David J. |title=Those Were The Days |journal=Chemical & Engineering News |date=15 January 2007 |volume=85 |issue=3 |url=https://cen.acs.org/articles/85/i3/Those-Days.html |publisher=American Chemical Society|doi=10.1021/cen-v085n003.p044 }}</ref> Since the discovery of the Kepone disaster in 1975, the water quality has improved, and the fishing ban was lifted after 13 years.<ref name=Gorman/> In 2019, after years of planning, the city opened a "Riverwalk" boardwalk, seeking to use scenic views and water access as part of overall economic redevelopment efforts.<ref name=Gorman/> [[Bass (fish)|Bass]] and [[catfish]] are now routinely fished at a Hopewell marina.<ref name=Gorman/>

Hopewell is the location of several large chemical plants owned by the [[Honeywell]] Corporation, [[Ashland Inc.|Ashland]], [[Evonik Industries]], as well as a [[Green Plains Inc.]] ethanol plant and paper mill owned by [[WestRock]].

===Recent history===
The [[Federal Correctional Complex, Petersburg]] (FCC Petersburg), two federal prisons which house 3400 inmates, are located just outside the Hopewell city limits, in Prince George County<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/pem/|title=FCI Petersburg Medium|work=bop.gov|access-date=August 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/pet/|title=FCI Petersburg Low|work=bop.gov|access-date=August 3, 2015}}</ref>

In 1977, Hopewell again made the national news due to another accident involving a drawbridge when the tanker [[S.S. Marine Floridian]] outbound under the command of a James River pilot suffered a steering malfunction just after dawn on February 24 that caused it to veer out of the channel and hit the [[Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge]] just east of town. The accident caused serious damage to the bridge and it was closed for months.

In 1983, Hopewell again received negative publicity from the national news media when it was discovered that Evelyn Rust Wells, an elderly woman, had been held captive and terrorized in her home in the City Point section. Her captors, mostly male teenagers under 18, cashed her Social Security checks at local grocery stores. A local grocer noted a change in purchases from when neighborhood kids assisted Wells and called the police. They investigated and freed Wells who was by then severely malnourished.<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D16F7345C0C728FDDA80894DB484D81 "Woman freed after two months"], ''New York Times,'' January 31, 1983, Section A, p. 10</ref>

Although still an important industrial city, Hopewell has struggled with transitions through loss of jobs due to plant closures, changes in residential housing patterns, and the costs of environmental clean-up. Much of its middle-class population moved to neighboring Prince George and Chesterfield Counties for newer housing during the suburban expansion of the 1960s and 1970s. The city's housing stock is dominated by relatively small homes with a significant percentage being offered as rental properties. Of these, many were hastily constructed over a century ago by [[DuPont]] to house plant workers during the First World War.

Hopewell has encouraged re-development along its waterfront areas along the James and Appomattox Rivers, in the downtown area, and the [[City Point, Virginia|City Point]] Historic District, as well as the sites of several long vacant industrial plants. Due to its hasty construction as a mill town during the First World War, Hopewell had a large number of kit homes that were hauled in and erected in neighborhoods laid out by DuPont known as "A Village" and "B Village". The city has a surviving group of [[Sears Catalog Home]]s, with several available for exterior viewing on a self-guided tour. The city also has numerous [[The Aladdin Company|Aladdin Kit Homes]]; at one time, it may have had the most such homes in the nation. Because residents moved to newer houses and the Aladdin Homes were abandoned and deteriorated, many have been razed. {{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}

Hopewell has struggled with high rates of violent crime.<ref>[https://www.progress-index.com/article/20090403/NEWS/304039906 Violent crime up 36% in Hopewell], ''The Progress Index'' (April 3, 2009).</ref><ref>Karina Bolster, [https://www.nbc12.com/2019/12/07/city-leaders-address-citizens-concerns-violence-hopewell/ City leaders address citizens' concerns of violence in Hopewell], WWBT (December 6, 2019).</ref>

[[File:Hopewell Lofts.jpg|thumb|left|The former [[Hopewell High School Complex|Hopewell High School]], listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]], was renovated from 2009 to 2010 and now serves as an apartment building.]]
In September 2010, a series of explosions occurred at a controversial new ethanol plant that had recently been constructed on a long vacant site formerly occupied by a [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] plant. In 2007, former Hopewell mayor and civil rights leader [[Curtis W. Harris]], had marched against the proposed ethanol plant being built in Hopewell with support from the national [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dom.com/about/education/strong/2001/curtisharris.jsp |title=2001 Honorees - Curtis W. Harris |access-date=February 2, 2008 |publisher=Dominion |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080315100101/http://www.dom.com/about/education/strong/2001/curtisharris.jsp <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = March 15, 2008}}</ref>  The plant had not yet become fully operational when the explosions occurred. There was no loss of life due to the accident but shortly after the explosion Osage BioEnergy, the owners of the $150 million facility, announced that the plant was for sale. Although the facility was sitting idle through 2013 with the city of Hopewell taking legal action to recoup unpaid taxes on the property, the facility was eventually purchased by another firm and operations were restarted in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Katherine|title=Plant has produced over 11 million gallons of ethanol|url=http://www.progress-index.com/article/20140922/NEWS/140929963|access-date=November 17, 2015|work=The Progress-Index|date=September 22, 2014}}</ref> In 2015 the troubled ethanol plant closed again for a second time after less than a year in operation with its owners citing a lack of profitability as the reason for the shutdown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hopewellnews.com/article_7718.shtml#.VlfStvdOnIU |title=The Hopewell News - Articles |access-date=November 27, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208131504/http://www.hopewellnews.com/article_7718.shtml |archive-date=December 8, 2015 }}</ref> The plant has since been purchased and re-opened by Green Plains Inc. of [[Omaha, Nebraska]].

Hopewell has come to the attention of [[American Automobile Association|AAA]] because some of its members have complained that Hopewell is a speed trap for its practice of citing drivers for speeding along a 1.7 mile stretch of Interstate 295, nicknamed the "Million Dollar Mile" by disgruntled drivers. AAA, claimed in a press release that Hopewell employs 11 sheriff's deputies working in 14-hour shifts to patrol less than two miles of the highway that lie within the city limits of Hopewell. However, this statistic has been denied by the sheriff of Hopewell, who was baffled as to where that information was generated as he said the deputies working on I-295 only work eight-hour shifts.<ref name="Putting brakes on I-295 tickets">{{cite web|url=http://www.hopewellnews.com/article_7357.shtml#.VYsC4vlVhBc|website=The Hopewell News|access-date=June 24, 2015|title=Putting brakes on I-295 tickets?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704015007/http://www.hopewellnews.com/article_7357.shtml#.VYsC4vlVhBc|archive-date=July 4, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> This practice, which it has been claimed, annually generated $1.8 million in revenue from speeding tickets, of which 75% were issued to out of state drivers, triggered a court clash between the Commonwealth's Attorney and the city prosecutor, and elicited an official ruling from the Attorney General of Virginia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cqrcengage.com/autoclubpartners/VA_legislative_agenda|title=VA Legislative Agenda|work=cqrcengage.com|access-date=August 3, 2015}}</ref> Sheriff Luther Sodat said that the almost two-mile stretch of highway "is a safety issue for Hopewell."<ref name="Putting brakes on I-295 tickets"/> Virginia's urban interstates have a fatality rate about one-third the Statewide rate for all roads combined.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2013/fi30.cfm|title=Table FI-30 – Highway Statistics 2013 - Policy - Federal Highway Administration|website=[[Federal Highway Administration|Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)]]|access-date=April 3, 2018}}</ref>