Editing Hoorn (section)

==Etymology==
[[File:Hoorn flag - Bowles's naval flags of the world, 1783.jpg|left|thumb|160px|Variant flag of Hoorn (1783), with the archaic [[French language|French]] spelling {{Lang|fr|Horne}}]]
The origin of the name Hoorn – in archaic spelling Hoern, Horne or Hoirn(e) – is surrounded in myths.<ref name="etym-bank">{{cite web |title=Hoorn (geografische naam) |url=http://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/hoorn3 |website=etymologiebank.nl |access-date=29 March 2020 |language=nl}}</ref> According to old [[Frisians|Frisian]] legends, the name comes from Hornus, a bastard son of [[Redbad, King of the Frisians|King Redbad]] and brother of [[Aldgillis II]], who presumably founded the city in 719 and named it after himself.<ref name="vdknaap">{{cite book |last1=Knaap |first1=J.P.H. van der |title=Hoornse sagen, legenden, volksverhalen |date=2008 |publisher=Vereniging Oud Hoorn |location=Hoorn |page=13 |url=https://www.oudhoorn.nl/bibliotheek/pdf/hoornse_sagen_vd_knaap.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226042741/https://www.oudhoorn.nl/bibliotheek/pdf/hoornse_sagen_vd_knaap.pdf |archive-date=2021-02-26 |url-status=live |language=nl}}</ref> A different theory claims that the name was derived from a sign depicting a [[post horn]], which hung from one of the taverns established by brewers from [[Hamburg]] in the early [[fourteenth century]].<ref name="volkoomen">{{Cite web|url=http://www.volkoomen.nl/Plaatsnamen%20en%20hun%20betekenis.htm|title=Plaatsnamen en hun betekenis.|website=Volkoomen.nl|access-date=29 February 2020 |language=nl}}</ref>

According to [[Hadrianus Junius]], the name could also be a reference to the city's horn-shaped port.<ref name="volkoomen" /> Others believed that the name was derived from {{Lang|nl|damphoorn}}, a weed with a hollow stem that grew in the area at the time of the city's establishment.<ref name="halma">{{cite book |last1=Halma |first1=François |editor1-last=Nidek |editor1-first=Mattheus Brouërius van |title=Tooneel der Vereenigde Nederlanden en onderhorige landschappen, geopent in een algemeen historisch, genealogisch, geographisch en staatkundig woordenboek |date=1725 |publisher=Hendrik Halma |location=Leeuwarden |pages=431–432 |edition=Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4dMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA431 |language=nl}}</ref> The chronicler {{Ill|Theodorus Velius|nl|Velius}} rejects this theory, as well as the assertion that the name comes from "Dampterhorn", which was thought to be the only remaining neighborhood of the flooded village of {{Ill|Dampten|nl}}.<ref name="velius">{{cite web |last1=Kwaad |first1=Frans J.P.M. |title=Velius: Kroniek van Hoorn |url=http://www.kwaad.net/Hoorn-Velius.htm |website=kwaad.net |access-date=29 March 2020 |language=nl}}</ref>

One of the earliest mentions of Hoorn is found in a letter which states that in 1303, a merchant from [[Bruges]] was imprisoned in West Friesland near a place called "Hornicwed".<ref name="lesger">{{cite book |last1=Lesger |first1=C.M. |title=Hoorn als stedelijk knooppunt: stedensystemen tijdens de late middeleeuwen en vroegmoderne tijd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RVs9sixhhsC&pg=PA24 |publisher=Uitgeverij Verloren |access-date=29 March 2020 |page=24 |language=nl |date=1990|isbn=9070403277 }}</ref> This phrase – although it is uncertain whether it actually refers to Hoorn – is a [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] of the [[Middle Dutch]] words {{Lang|dum|hornic}}, meaning "corner", and {{Lang|dum|wed}}, meaning "shallow water".<ref>{{cite web |title=Hornic – Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek |url=http://gtb.inl.nl/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=MNW&id=18116 |website=De Geïntegreerde Taalbank |publisher=Instituut voor de Nederlandse taal |access-date=29 March 2020 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Wedde – Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek |url=http://gtb.inl.nl/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=MNW&id=71035 |website=De Geïntegreerde Taalbank |publisher=Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal |access-date=29 March 2020 |language=nl}}</ref> It is likely that the name Hoorn was indeed derived from Middle Dutch {{Lang|dum|hornic}}, or simply {{Lang|dum|horn}}, and that the city was named for its location in a sharp [[Bight (geography)|bight]] of (the former) [[Lake Flevo]].<ref name="etym-bank"/><ref name="halma"/>

As a descendant of the reconstructed [[Proto-Germanic]] ''[[:wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hurnijǭ|*hurnijǭ]]'', the name Hoorn is a cognate with [[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] {{Lang|da|hjørne}}, [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] {{Lang|is|horn}}, [[Swedish language|Swedish]] {{Lang|sv|hörn(a)}}, and [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] {{Lang|fy|herne}}, which have all preserved the meaning of "corner".<ref name="etym-bank"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Horn (in het water uitspringende hoek land) |url=http://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/horn1 |website=etymologiebank.nl |access-date=29 March 2020 |language=nl}}</ref> In [[Dutch language|Modern Dutch]], however, the word {{Lang|nl|hoorn}} translates to "horn", both in an [[Horn (acoustic)|acoustic]] and [[Horn (anatomy)|anatomical]] sense.