Editing Hooliganism (section)

==Etymology ==
There are several theories regarding the origin of the word ''hooliganism,'' which is a derivative of the word [[wiktionary:hooligan#Noun|hooligan]]. ''The Compact Oxford English Dictionary'' states that the word may have originated from the surname of a rowdy [[Irish people|Irish]] family in a [[music hall]] song of the 1890s.<ref name="OED-hooligan">{{cite web |title=hooligan |work=Compact Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |url=http://www.askoxford.com/results/?view=dev_dict&field-12668446=hooligan&branch=13842570&textsearchtype=exact&sortorder=score%2Cname |access-date=15 October 2008}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="etmy-hooligan"/> [[Clarence Rook]], in his 1899 book ''Hooligan Nights'', wrote that the word came from Patrick Hoolihan (or Hooligan), an Irish [[Bouncer (doorman)|bouncer]] and thief who lived in [[London]]. In 2015, the BBC Scotland TV programme ''The Secret Life of Midges''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scotland|first1=BBC|title=The Secret Life of Midges|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06jh4ss|website=BBC website|publisher=BBC|access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> noted that the English commander-in-chief during the [[Jacobite rising of 1745]], [[General Wade]], misheard the local Scots Gaelic word for [[midge]]—''meanbh-chuileag''—and coined the word ''hooligan'' to describe his fury and frustration at the way the tiny biting creatures made the life of his soldiers and himself a misery; this derivation may be [[apocrypha]]l.

===Early usage===
[[File:Beşiktaş WB - Fenerbahçe WB 2024 FIBA Europe SuperCup Women 20241003 (29).jpg|thumb|Hooligans of [[Genç Fenerbahçeliler]] in a basketball match against [[Beşiktaş J.K.]]]]
The word first appeared in print in London [[Magistrates' court (England and Wales)|police court]] reports in 1894 referring to the name of a gang of youths in the [[Lambeth]] area of London—the ''Hooligan Boys'',<ref name="quezi5040-1">{{cite web |url=http://quezi.com/5040 |title=Who were the original Hooligans? |work=Daily News |date=24 April 1894 |publisher=quezi.com |access-date=12 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103174255/http://quezi.com/5040 |archive-date=3 January 2010 }}</ref> and later—the ''O'Hooligan Boys''.<ref name="quezi5040">{{cite web |url=http://quezi.com/5040 |title=Who were the original Hooligans? |work=Reynolds Newspaper |date=29 April 1894 |publisher=quezi.com |access-date=12 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103174255/http://quezi.com/5040 |archive-date=3 January 2010 }}</ref>

In August 1898 the murder of Henry Mappin in Lambeth committed by a member of the gang drew further attention to the word which was immediately popularised by the press.<ref name="quezi5040-5">{{cite web |url=http://quezi.com/5040 |title=Who were the original Hooligans? |work=[[The Penny Illustrated Paper and Illustrated Times]] |date=13 August 1898 |publisher=quezi.com |access-date=12 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103174255/http://quezi.com/5040 |archive-date=3 January 2010 }}</ref> The London newspaper ''[[The Graphic|The Daily Graphic]]'' wrote in an article on 22 August 1898, "The avalanche of brutality which, under the name of 'Hooliganism'&nbsp;... has cast such a dire slur on the social records of [[South London]]."<ref name="etmy-hooligan">{{OEtymD|hooligan|access-date=15 October 2008}}</ref><ref name= "wwwtw-hool">{{cite web |last=Quinion |first=Michael |title=Hooligan |publisher=World Wide Words |date=27 June 1998 |url=http://www.worldwidewords.org/topicalwords/tw-hoo1.htm |access-date=30 June 2010}}</ref>

The inquest was carried out by [[Athelstan Braxton Hicks|Mr Braxton Hicks]] who "remarked that the activity of the gang he referred to was not confined to Lambeth, but extended to numerous other districts. It was composed of young fellows who scorned to do a stroke of work, and obtained a living by blackmailing. It was a common practice for three or four of these men to walk into a shop and offer the shopman the alternative of giving them a dollar for drink or having his shop wrecked. In connection with the Oakley-street tragedy intimidation had reached an unexampled case. Witnesses had been warned that it would be as much as their life was worth to give evidence against John Darcy. On Wednesday plain-clothes men escorted the witnesses from the court singly. He himself had been warned&nbsp;— not by anonymous letter but through a mysterious personal medium&nbsp;— that if seen in a certain neighbourhood he would be done for. A magistrate had also told him that he had been the recipient of a like indignity."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000079/18980724/047/0010|title=REIGN OF TERROR IN SOUTH LONDON. OAKLEY STREET MURDER. WITNESSES THREATENED|date=24 July 1898|work=Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper|via=British Newspaper Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000079/18980717/064/0013|title=LAMBETH TRAGEDY. THE ARREST IN THE STRAND. ONE OF "HOOLIGAN'S GANG|date=17 July 1898|work=Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper|via=British Newspaper Archive}}</ref>

[[Arthur Conan Doyle]] wrote in his 1904 short story "[[The Adventure of the Six Napoleons]]", "It seemed to be one of those senseless acts of Hooliganism which occur from time to time, and it was reported to the constable on the beat as such." [[H. G. Wells]] wrote in his 1909 semi-autobiographical novel ''[[Tono-Bungay]]'', "Three energetic young men of the hooligan type, in neck-wraps and caps, were packing wooden cases with papered-up bottles, amidst much straw and confusion."<ref name="wwwtw-hool"/>

According to ''Life'' magazine (30 July 1951), the comic strip artist and political cartoonist Frederick Burr Opper introduced a character called [[Happy Hooligan]] in 1900;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holtz |first=Allan |title=American newspaper comics: an encyclopedic reference guide |date=2012 |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-11756-7 |location=Ann Arbor}}</ref> "hapless Happy appeared regularly in U.S. newspapers for more than 30 years", a "naive, skinny, baboon-faced tramp who invariably wore a tomato can for a hat." ''Life'' brought this up by way of criticizing the Soviet U.N. delegate Yakov A. Malik for misusing the word. Malik had indignantly referred to anti-Soviet demonstrators in New York as "hooligans". Happy Hooligan, ''Life'' reminded its readers, "became a national hero, not by making trouble, which Mr. Malik understands is the function of a hooligan, but by getting himself help."

===Modern usage===
Later, as the meaning of the word shifted slightly, none of the possible alternatives had precisely the same undertones of a person, usually young, who belongs to an informal group and commits acts of vandalism or criminal damage, starts fights, and who causes disturbances but is not a thief.<ref name="wwwtw-hool"/> Hooliganism is now {{failed verification span|text=predominately|date=July 2024}} related to sport.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Osman|first1=Gusmusgul|last2=Acet|first2=Mehmet|year=2016|title=The Open Sore of Football: Aggressive Violent Behaviour and Hooliganism|journal= Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research|volume=71|issue=1|pages=30–37|doi=10.1515/pcssr-2016-0015|doi-access=free}}</ref>