Editing Hookah (section)

==Names and etymology==
[[File:Jahangirs huqqa close national museum india.JPG|thumb|upright|Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]]'s jade hookah, [[National Museum, New Delhi]], India.]]
[[File:Karimkhan.jpg|right|thumb|[[Karim Khan Zand|Karim Khan of Persia]] seated in his royal court in [[Shiraz]], using a Qaelyan (1755).]]

In the Indian subcontinent, the [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] word ''huqqa'' (Devanagari: हुक़्क़ा, Nastaleeq: {{nq|حقّہ}}) is used and is the origin of the English word "hookah".<ref name="TCALR1916"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Dora-Laskey|first=Prathim-Maya |title=Postmodern Chic and Postcolonial Cheek: A Map of Linguistic Resistance, Hybridity, and Pedagogy in Rushdie's Midnight's Children|publisher=York University|pages=190–193}}</ref> The widespread use of the [[Languages of India|Indian]] word "hookah" in the English language is a result of the colonization in [[British India]] (1858–1947), when large numbers of expatriate Britons first sampled the water pipe.<ref name="Cook2010">{{cite book|last=Cook|first=Vivian|title=It's All in a Word: History, meaning and the Sheer Joy of Words|date=9 December 2010|publisher=Profile Books|isbn=9781847653192|page=72|quote=Ever since the British went to India, many words from Indian languages have travelled in the reverse direction. The changing historical relationship between the two countries is shown in the different kinds of words that the English language borrowed at different periods, according to the Indian expert Subba Roa. In the seventeenth century, it was trade that counted. The names of Indian places were used for particular materials, such as ''calico'' (a city) or ''cashere'' (Kashmir). In the eighteenth century, though trade continued to bring in words such as ''jute'' and ''seersucker'', influences came from Indian culture, such as ''hookah'' (alias ''hubble-bubble'', a kind of smoking device), and the military, as in ''sepoy'' (native Indian soldier).}}</ref> [[William Hickey (memoirist)|William Hickey]], shortly after arriving in [[Calcutta]], India, in 1775, wrote in his ''Memoirs'':

::The most highly-dressed and splendid hookah was prepared for me. I tried it, but did not like it. As after several trials I still found it disagreeable, I with much gravity requested to know whether it was indispensably necessary that I should become a smoker, which was answered with equal gravity, "Undoubtedly it is, for you might as well be out of the world as out of the fashion. Here everybody uses a hookah, and it is impossible to get on without ...[I] have frequently heard men declare they would much rather be deprived of their dinner than their hookah."<ref>{{cite book|title=Memoirs of William Hickey|location=London|publisher=Hurst & Blackett|edition=Volume II|year=1918|page=136}}</ref>

Arabic أرجيلة ('arjīlah)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forvo.com/word/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9/|title=أرجيلة pronunciation: How to pronounce أرجيلة in Arabic|first=Forvo|last=Team|website=Forvo.com}}</ref> is the name most commonly used in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Jordan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kuwait]] and [[Iraq]], while ''nargilah'' ({{langx|he|נַרְגִּילָה}}, {{langx|ar|نارجيلة}}) is the name most commonly used in [[Israel]]. It derives from ''nārgil'' ({{langx|fa|نارگیل}}), which in turn comes from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''nārikela'' ({{lang|sa|नारिकेल}}), meaning [[coconut]], suggesting that early hookahs were hewn from coconut shells.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mymerhaba.com/en/main/content.asp_Q_id_E_1124 | title=Nargile | publisher=mymerhaba | access-date=2013-09-03 | archive-date=27 May 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527162919/http://www.mymerhaba.com/en/main/content.asp_Q_id_E_1124 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2007/8/18197_space.html |title=Smoke like an Egyptian—Sri Lanka |publisher=Lankanewspapers.com |access-date=2010-08-22 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119093639/http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2007/8/18197_space.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[Serbia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Greece]], [[Turkey]] and [[Bulgaria]], {{transliteration|bg|na[r]gile}} (на[р]гиле) or {{transliteration|bg|na[r]gila}} (на[р]гила) is used to refer to the pipe,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ezglot.com/words.php?l=tur&w=nargile&lang=eng | title=Nargile on the map| publisher = ezglot | access-date=2017-04-29}}</ref> while ''šiša'' (шиша) refers to شیشه (šiše) meaning glass bottle in Persian. The pipes there often have one or two mouth pieces. The flavored tobacco, created by marinating cuts of tobacco in a multitude of flavored molasses, is placed above the water and covered by pierced foil with hot coals placed on top, and the smoke is drawn through cold water to cool and filter it. In [[Albania]], the hookah is called "lula" or "lulava". In [[Romania]], it is called ''narghilea''.

"Narguile"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=narguile |title=Diccionario de la lengua española – Vigésima segunda edición |language=es |publisher=Buscon.rae.es |access-date=2010-08-22 |archive-date=15 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915083821/http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=narguile |url-status=live }}</ref> is the common word in Spain used to refer to the pipe, although "cachimba"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=cachimba |title=Diccionario de la lengua española – Vigésima segunda edición |language=es |publisher=Buscon.rae.es |access-date=2010-08-22 |archive-date=17 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317011622/http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3 |url-status=live }}</ref> is also used, along with "shisha" by Moroccan immigrants in Spain. The word "narguilé" is used in Portuguese. "Narguilé" is also used in French, along with "chicha".

Arabic شيشة (šīšah), through Ottoman Turkish word شیشه (şîşe), itself a direct loanword from Persian شیشه (šīše) meaning "glass container", is the common term for the hookah in [[Egypt]], [[Sudan]] and also other [[Arab world]] regions such as [[Arab peninsula|Arab Peninsula]] (including [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], [[Oman]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], [[Yemen]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]), [[Algeria]], [[Tunisia]]. It is used also in [[Morocco]], [[Somalia]]<ref>{{cite web|title=تعريف و معنى شيشة في معجم المعاني الجامع|url=https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-ar/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A9/|website=المعاني – معجم عربي عربي|publisher=Almaany|access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref> and [[Cyprus]]. In Yemen, the Arabic term مداعة (''madā`ah'') is also used, but for pipes using pure tobacco.

In [[Persia]], hookah is called "qalyān" ({{lang|fa|{{nq|قلیان}}}}). Persian qalyan is included in the earliest European compendium on tobacco, the ''tobacologia'' written by Johan Neander and published in Dutch in 1622. It seems that over time water pipes acquired a Persian connotation as in eighteenth-century Egypt the most fashionable pipes were called ''Karim Khan'' after the Persian ruler of the day.<ref>{{cite book|title=The pursuit of pleasure: drugs and stimulants in Persian history, 1500-1900|author=Rudolph P. Matthee|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2005|page=124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kf0XfDMLndsC&q=persian+galyan&pg=PA124|isbn=978-0691118550}}</ref> This is also the name used in [[Azerbaijan]], [[Ukraine]], [[Russia]], [[Lithuania]] and [[Belarus]].<ref>{{cite web|title=hookah|url=https://dictionary.reverso.net/english-russian/hookah/forced|website=Reverso Dictionary|publisher=Reverso-Softissimo|date=2017|access-date=29 April 2018|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308065349/https://dictionary.reverso.net/english-russian/hookah/forced|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Afghanistan]], a hookah is called {{transliteration|uz|[[chillum (pipe)|chillim]]}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hashish!|author=Robert Connell Clarke|publisher=Red Eye Press|year=1998|page=140|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hblBKeAE9rgC&q=chillum+afghanistan|isbn=9780929349053}}</ref>

In [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], hookah is called "Jajeer".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/my-teachers-and-jajeer/144609.html|title=My Teachers And Jajjeer|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227055431/http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/my-teachers-and-jajeer/144609.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In [[Maldives]], hookah is called "Guduguda".<ref>{{cite book|title=Countries and Their Cultures: Laos to Rwanda|author=Melvin Ember, Carol R. Ember|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|year=2001|page=1377|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D8sZAQAAIAAJ&q=Guduguda|isbn=9780028649498}}</ref>

In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, hookah is called "Shisha".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Shisha/|title=Duden: Shisha|website=Duden|language=de|access-date=2020-11-30|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204220944/https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Shisha|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2018}}

In the [[Philippines]], hookah is called "hitboo" and normally used in smoking flavored [[marijuana]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Adrian Rosit's Guide to THC|author=John Adrian Rosit|publisher=Rex Bookstore|year=1969|page=33}}</ref>

In [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], another language of [[South Asia]], it is called ''huqqo'' ({{nq|حُقو}} / {{lang|und-Deva|हुक़्क़ो}}).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hookah | title=Online Etymology Dictionary | dictionary=Dictionary.com | access-date=30 June 2011 | archive-date=23 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623033924/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hookah | url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[Vietnam]], hookah is called ''hookah shisha (''bình shisha) and shisha is called "shisha tobacco" (thuốc shisha).<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 November 2018|title=Hút shisha hay thuốc lá để đảm bảo sức khỏe|url=https://binhshishagiare.com/hut-shisha-hay-thuoc-la-de-dam-bao-suc-khoe/|website=Binhshishagiare.com|language=vi|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809024645/https://binhshishagiare.com/hut-shisha-hay-thuoc-la-de-dam-bao-suc-khoe/|url-status=live}}</ref>