Editing Homebrewing (section)

==History==
{{hatnote|Main articles: [[Women in brewing]], [[history of alcoholic beverages]], [[history of beer|beer]], and [[history of wine|wine]] and the [[history of alcohol in China]].}}
[[Beer]] has been brewed domestically throughout its [[History of beer#Early beers|7,000-year history]], beginning in the [[Neolithic]] period in [[Mesopotamia]] (modern [[Iraq]]), [[ancient Egypt|Egypt]] and [[prehistoric China|China]]. It seems to have first developed as thick [[beer]]s; during this time [[mead]]s, [[fruit wine]]s and [[rice wine]]s were also developed.

[[Women in brewing|Women brewers]] dominated alcohol production on every occupied continent<ref name="Katz 2012">{{cite book|last=Katz|first=Sandor Ellix|title=The Art of Fermentation: An In-Depth Exploration of Essential Concepts and Processes from around the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zmLa205d0QC&pg=PA273|year=2012|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|location=White River Junction, Vermont|isbn=978-1-60358-364-0|page=273}}</ref><ref name="Mark 2011">{{cite web|last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Beer in the Ancient World |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/223/ |website=Ancient EU |publisher=[[World History Encyclopedia]] |access-date=16 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912043741/http://www.ancient.eu/article/223/ |archive-date=12 September 2016 |location=Horsham, England |date=2 March 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> until commercialization and [[industrialization]] of brewing occurred.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Anderson |first1=Ray |title=The Transformation of Brewing: An Overview of Three Centuries of Science and Practice |journal=Brewery History |date=2005 |volume=121 |pages=5–24 |url=http://www.breweryhistory.com/journal/archive/121/bh-121-005.htm |access-date=16 November 2016 |publisher=Brewery History Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116171741/http://www.breweryhistory.com/journal/archive/121/bh-121-005.htm |archive-date=16 November 2016 |location=Carisbrooke, Isle of Wight |url-status=dead}}</ref> The tradition of brewing being in the domain of women stemmed from the fact that brewing was a by-product of gathering,<ref name="Katz 2012" /> and often considered a part of baking.<ref name="Mark 2011" />

The [[ancient Greece|Greeks]] and [[ancient Rome|Romans]] cultivated both [[grape wine]] and [[beer]], to a lesser extent. Roman women often directed production in larger households while the labor was performed by [[slavery in the ancient world|slave]]s.

By the [[Tang dynasty]], homebrewing seems to have been a familiar domestic chore in China, albeit the lower classes had to make do with poorly-filtered [[mashing|mash]].<ref>Huang, H.T. ''Science and Civilisation<!--sic--> in China'', Vol. VI, No. 5. ''Fermentations and Food Science'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=FgtFxedkgbcC&pg=PA233 p. 233]. Cambridge Univ. Press (Cambridge), 2000. Accessed 8 November 2013.</ref> Laws against making alcohol were enacted and repealed between the [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]] and [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] [[list of Chinese dynasties|dynasties]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

The 18th century [[Industrial Revolution]] brought about such innovations as the [[thermometer]] and [[hydrometer]]. These tools increased efficiency to the point that mass production of beer was possible for the first time in history{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}{{clarify|date=August 2020}}. In 1857, French microbiologist [[Louis Pasteur]] explained the role of yeast in beer fermentation, allowing brewers to develop strains of yeast with desirable properties such as efficiency converting sugar to alcohol and ability to handle higher alcohol content.

Throughout the first half of the 20th century, homebrewing in the UK was circumscribed by taxation: the [[Inland Revenue Act 1880]] ([[43 & 44 Vict.]] c. 20) introduced a 5-[[shilling]] homebrewing licence.<ref name="license">{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1881/aug/18/customs-and-inland-revenue-act-1880-beer|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=18 August 1881|title=Hansard 1803–2005 |access-date=1 May 2009}}</ref> [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] [[Reginald Maudling]] removed the requirement for a brewing licence in 1963.<ref name="ukrepeal">{{cite web|url=http://craftbrewing.org.uk/bc/bcpdf/BC2002-Oct.pdf|title=Brewers Contact: Journal of the Craft Brewing Association|access-date=10 October 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322160613/http://www.craftbrewing.org.uk/bc/bcpdf/BC2002-Oct.pdf|archive-date=22 March 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Australia]] followed suit in 1972 when [[Gough Whitlam]] repealed the law prohibiting the brewing of all but the weakest beers in one of his first acts as [[Prime Minister]].<ref name="ausrepeal">{{cite web|url=http://www.adelaidereview.com.au/_archives.php?subaction=showfull&id=1119829107&archive=1120781372&start_from=&ucat=2& |title=Adelaide Times Online |access-date=10 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820163637/http://www.adelaidereview.com.au/_archives.php?subaction=showfull&id=1119829107&archive=1120781372&start_from=&ucat=2& |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref>

In 1920, [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] caused [[breweries]] across the [[United States]] to be closed down or to begin making [[malt]] for other purposes. The homebrewing of beer with an alcohol content higher than 0.5% remained illegal until 1978 when [[Congress of the United States|Congress]] passed a bill repealing federal restrictions and excise taxes,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |last=Papazian|first=Charlie|title=The complete joy of homebrewing|year=2003|publisher=Collins|location=New York|isbn=0-06-053105-3|edition=3rd}}</ref> and [[President of the United States|President]] [[Jimmy Carter]] signed the bill, ''H.R. 1337'', into law, legalizing homebrewing of [[beer in the United States]].<ref name="USHomebrewinglaw">{{Cite web |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d095:HR01337:@@@L&summ2=m& |title=Bill Summary & Status - 95th Congress (1977 - 1978) - H.R.1337 - All Information - THOMAS (Library of Congress) |access-date=24 August 2011 |archive-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724162341/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d095:HR01337:@@@L&summ2=m& |url-status=dead }}</ref> Within months of homebrewing's full legalization, [[Charlie Papazian]] founded the [[Brewers Association]] and [[American Homebrewers Association]]. In 1984, Papazian published ''The Complete Joy of Home Brewing'', which remains in print alongside later publications, such as Graham Wheeler's ''Home Brewing: The CAMRA Guide''.