Editing Hollywood, Los Angeles (section)

==History==
===Initial development===
[[File:El Cabrillo Courtyard.png|thumb|upright=1|[[El Cabrillo]], a historic [[Spanish Colonial Revival architecture|Spanish Colonial Revival]] landmark built in 1928 by [[Cecil B. DeMille]]]]
[[File:Glen-Holly-Hotel-1890.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Glen-Holly Hotel]], Hollywood's second hotel, at the corner of what is now Yucca Street, was built in the 1890s.]]
[[File:HJWhitley Hollywood Hotel ca 1904.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[H. J. Whitley]] (on left wearing a bowler hat) and the [[Hollywood Hotel]] (on left) at the corner of [[Highland Avenue (Los Angeles)|Highland Avenue]] and [[Hollywood Boulevard]]]]
[[File:Charles Toberman Estate, Hollywood.JPG|thumb|upright=1|[[C.E. Toberman Estate|Villa Las Colinas]], a historic [[Mission Revival]] estate built by [[Charles E. Toberman]] in 1922]]
[[File:Hollywood&Highland-1907.jpg|thumb|upright=1|The intersection of Hollywood and Highland in 1907]]
[[H. J. Whitley]], a real estate developer, arranged to buy the {{convert|480|acre|km2|adj=on}} E.C. Hurd ranch. Whitley shared his plans for the new town with General [[Harrison Gray Otis (publisher)|Harrison Gray Otis]], publisher of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', and Ivar Weid, a prominent businessman in the area.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

[[Daeida Wilcox Beveridge|Daeida Wilcox]], who donated land to help in the development of Hollywood, learned of the name ''Hollywood'' from an acquaintance who owned an estate by that name in Illinois.<ref>{{Cite web|title=California Holly: How Hollywood Didn't Get its Name |url=https://nhm.org/stories/california-holly-how-hollywood-didnt-get-its-name|access-date=February 14, 2021 |publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]]}}</ref>
Wilcox is quoted as saying, "I chose the name Hollywood simply because it sounds nice and because I'm superstitious and holly brings good luck."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1TILGf0ZmsC&q=cendars+Hollywood+Mecca |title=Hollywood: Mecca of the Movies |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |location=Berkeley, California |first=Blaise |last=Cendars |date=1995 |isbn=0-520-07807-1 |page=23}}</ref>  She recommended the same name to her husband, [[Harvey Henderson Wilcox|Harvey H. Wilcox]], who had purchased 120 acres on February 1, 1887. It was not until August 1887 that Wilcox decided to use that name and filed with the Los Angeles County Recorder's office on a deed and parcel map of the property.

By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, and two markets. Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479, lay {{convert|10|mi|km}} east through the [[vineyard]]s, barley fields, and [[citrus]] groves. A single-track [[Tram|streetcar line]] ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent and the trip took two hours. The old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery [[stable]], improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood.

The [[Hollywood Hotel]] was opened in 1902 by Whitley, president of the Los Pacific Boulevard and Development Company. Having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of [[Highland Avenue (Los Angeles)|Highland Avenue]], the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue (later [[Hollywood Boulevard]]). Although it was still a dusty, unpaved road, it was regularly graded and graveled. The hotel became internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of movie stars for many years.

Whitley's company developed and sold one of the early residential areas, the Ocean View Tract.<ref name = "Los Angeles">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/losangelesfrommo03mcgr/page/816 |pages=815–816 |title=Los Angeles from the mountains to the sea : with selected biography of actors and witnesses to the period of growth and achievement |volume=3 |first=John Steven |last=McGroarty |publisher=The American Historical Society |location=Chicago, Illinois |date=1921}}</ref> Whitley did much to promote the area. He paid thousands of dollars to install electricity and arrange for electric lighting, and he built both a bank and a road into the [[Cahuenga Pass]]. The lighting ran for several blocks down Prospect Avenue. Whitley's land was centered on [[Highland Avenue (Los Angeles)|Highland Avenue]].<ref name="A Dream Picture">''Cahuenga Valley Sentinel'' (May 7, 1904).</ref><ref name="Why I live in Hollywood by H. J. Whitley">''Hollywood Citizen'' (Spring Edition March 4, 1914).</ref> His 1918 development, [[Whitley Heights, Los Angeles|Whitley Heights]], was named for him.

===Incorporation and merger===
Hollywood was incorporated as a [[municipality]] on November 14, 1903, by a vote of 88 for and 77 against. On January 30, 1904, the voters in Hollywood decided, 113 to&nbsp;96, to banish the sale of liquor within the city, except for medicinal purposes. Neither hotels nor restaurants were allowed to serve wine or liquor before or after meals.<ref>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/164260860 Hollywood Becomes a Prohibition Town]", ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', December 29, 1903, page A-3</ref>

In 1910, the city voted for a merger with Los Angeles in order to secure an adequate water supply and to gain access to the L.A. sewer system.

<blockquote>With annexation, the name of Prospect Avenue was changed to Hollywood Boulevard and all the street numbers in the new district changed. For example, 100 Prospect Avenue, at Vermont Avenue, became 6400 Hollywood Boulevard; and 100 Cahuenga Boulevard, at Hollywood Boulevard, changed to 1700 Cahuenga Boulevard.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywood History and Information |url=http://www.abouthollywood.com/hollywood-neighborhoods/hollywood-california-history-and-information/ |website=AboutHollywood.com |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418010207/http://www.abouthollywood.com/hollywood-neighborhoods/hollywood-california-history-and-information/ |archive-date=2011-04-18 |date=November 16, 2010}}</ref></blockquote>

===Motion picture industry===
{{Main|Cinema of the United States}}
[[File:NestorStudios-Hollywood-1913.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Nestor Studios]], Hollywood's first movie studio, 1912]]
[[File:Hollywood-Studios-1922.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1|Hollywood movie studios in 1922]]
By 1912, major motion-picture companies had come West to set up production near or in Los Angeles.<ref>Jacobs, Lewis. ''The Rise of the American Film'' Harcourt Brace, New York, 1930; p. 85</ref>

In the early 1900s, most motion picture camera and equipment [[patent]]s were held by [[Thomas Edison]]'s [[Motion Picture Patents Company]] in [[New Jersey]], which often sued filmmakers to stop their productions. To escape this, filmmakers began moving to Los Angeles, where attempts to enforce Edison's patents were easier to evade.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Hollywood, California|url=http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h3871.html|access-date=May 27, 2014}}</ref> Also, the weather was ideal for filmmaking and there was quick access to various settings. Los Angeles became the capital of the film industry in the United States.<ref name="Mintz, S. 2013">Mintz, S., and S. McNeil. "Hollywood as History". Digital History. N.p., 2013. Web. May 20, 2014.</ref> The mountains, plains and low land prices made Hollywood a good place to establish film studios.<ref name="Hayward, Susan 2006. p. 205">Hayward, Susan. "Hollywood" in ''Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts'' (Third Edition). Routledge, 2006. p. 205</ref>

Director [[D. W. Griffith]] was the first to make a motion picture in Hollywood. His 17-minute short film ''[[In Old California (1910 film)|In&nbsp;Old&nbsp;California]]'' (1910) was filmed for the [[Biograph Company]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/feb/28/philip-french-best-hollywood-films |title=How 100 years of Hollywood have charted the history of America |access-date=May 24, 2010 |author=Philip French |date=February 28, 2010|work=The Guardian |location=UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=L.A. Then and Now: Film Pioneer Griffith Rode History to Fame|first=Cecilia |last=Rasmussen|work=Los Angeles Times|date=August 1, 1999|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How the West was won Time lapse|first=Jonathan|last=Dyson|work=The Independent|location=London (UK)|date=March 4, 2000|page=54}}</ref> Although Hollywood banned movie theaters—of which it had none—before annexation that year, Los Angeles had no such restriction.<ref name=friedrich1986>{{cite book|last=Friedrich|first=Otto|title=City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940s|year=1986|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|isbn=0-520-20949-4|page=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0x8AFchW4JsC&pg=PP1}}</ref>

The first studio in Hollywood opened in early 1913, on Formosa Avenue down the street from Helen Muir's home.<ref name="Passion" />{{rp|page=447}} Her father [[John Muir]] returned from his tour of [[Europe]] and [[East Africa]] a few months later and continued work on [[Yosemite National Park|Yosemite]] and his book, ''The Yosemite''.<ref name="Passion">{{cite book | date=2008 | publication-place=[[Oxford]] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] (OUP) | pages=535 | title=A Passion for Nature : The Life of John Muir | isbn=978-0-19-516682-8 | oclc=191090285 | last=Worster | first=Donald | author-link=Donald Worster}}</ref>{{rp|page=447}} The [[Nestor Film Company]] was the first studio, established in October 1911{{dubious|reason=See Passion p.447|date=September 2022}} by the New Jersey–based [[Centaur Film Company]] in a [[roadhouse (facility)|roadhouse]] at 6121 [[Sunset Boulevard]] (the corner of [[Gower Street (Hollywood)|Gower]]).{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} Four major film companies – [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]], [[Warner Bros.]], [[RKO Pictures|RKO]], and [[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]] – had studios in Hollywood, as did several minor companies and rental studios. In the 1920s, Hollywood was the fifth-largest industry in the nation.<ref name="Mintz, S. 2013"/>{{Clarify|reason=Does it mean filmmaking was the fifth-largest industry?|date=May 2021}} By the 1930s, Hollywood studios became fully [[Vertical integration|vertically integrated]], as production, distribution and exhibition was controlled by these companies, enabling Hollywood to produce 600 films per year.<ref name="Hayward, Susan 2006. p. 205"/>

Hollywood became known as ''Tinseltown''<ref name=CollinsDictionary>
{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/tinseltown |title=Tinseltown |dictionary=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |access-date=January 14, 2014}}</ref>
and the "dream factory"<ref name="Hayward, Susan 2006. p. 205"/> because of the glittering image of the movie industry.

===Further development===
[[File:Hollywood boulevard from kodak theatre.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Hollywood Boulevard]] as seen from the [[Dolby Theatre]] in 2005]]
[[File:Capitol Records Building LA.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Capitol Records Building]] in 1991]]
[[Hollywood Sign#Origin|A large sign reading ''HOLLYWOODLAND'']] was erected in the [[Hollywood Hills]] in 1923 to advertise real estate developers Woodruff's and Shoults' housing development. In 1949, the [[Hollywood Chamber of Commerce]] entered a contract with the City of Los Angeles to repair and rebuild the sign. The agreement stipulated that ''LAND'' be removed to spell ''HOLLYWOOD'' so the sign would now refer to the district, rather than the housing development.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnzsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|title=The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry|last=Slide|first=Anthony|date=February 25, 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135925543|page=94|language=en}}</ref>

During the early 1950s, the [[Government of California|State of California]] constructed the [[Hollywood Freeway]] through the northeast corner of Hollywood.

The [[Capitol Records Building]] on [[Vine Street]], just north of Hollywood Boulevard, was built in 1956. The [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] was created in 1958 as a tribute to artists and other significant contributors to the entertainment industry. The official opening was on February 8, 1960.<ref>[http://www.hollywoodchamber.net/index.php?page=10 History of WOF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612050102/http://hollywoodchamber.net/index.php?page=10 |date=June 12, 2010 }} ''hollywoodchamber.net''; [[Hollywood Chamber of Commerce]]. Retrieved May 31, 2010.</ref><ref>[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/446305052.html?dids=446305052:446305052&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+29%2C+1960&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=KRAMER+FIRST+NAME+PUT+IN+WALK+OF+FAME&pqatl=google "Kramer First Name Put in Walk of Fame"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629040339/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/446305052.html?dids=446305052:446305052&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+29%2C+1960&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=KRAMER+FIRST+NAME+PUT+IN+WALK+OF+FAME&pqatl=google |date=June 29, 2011 }}(abstract). ''Los Angeles Times'', March 29, 1960, p. 15. Full article: [https://secure.pqarchiver.com/latimes/display_pdf.pdf?filename=/share4/pqimage/hnirs103/20100609133722646/22322/out.pdf LA Times Archives]<!-- PDF is behind a paywall--> Retrieved June 12, 2010.</ref><ref name=Martin1>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-feb-06-la-fi-walk-of-fame6-2010feb06-story.html|title=Golden milestone for the Hollywood Walk of Fame|last=Martin|first=Hugo|date=February 8, 2010|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date= March 6, 2016}}</ref>

The [[Hollywood Boulevard|Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District]] was listed in the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1984.<ref name=nrhp>{{Cite web |title=Hollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/236d3254-47ee-4b31-9045-c2999cc465f2/ |publisher=United States Department of the Interior - National Park Service |date=April 4, 1985 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In June 1999, the Hollywood extension of the [[Los Angeles Metro Rail]] [[B Line (Los Angeles Metro)|Red Line]] [[rapid transit|subway]] opened from [[Downtown Los Angeles]] to the [[San Fernando Valley]], with stops along Hollywood Boulevard at [[Western Avenue (Los Angeles)|Western Avenue]] ([[Hollywood/Western (Los Angeles Metro station)|Hollywood/Western Metro station]]), [[Vine Street]] ([[Hollywood/Vine (Los Angeles Metro station)|Hollywood/Vine Metro station]]), and [[Highland Avenue (Los Angeles)|Highland Avenue]] ([[Hollywood/Highland (Los Angeles Metro station)|Hollywood/Highland Metro station]]).

The [[Dolby Theatre]], which opened in 2001 as the Kodak Theatre at the [[Hollywood & Highland Center]] mall, is the site of the annual [[Academy Awards]] programs. The mall is located where the [[Hollywood Hotel]] once stood.

===Revitalization===
After the neighborhood underwent years of serious decline in the 1980s, with crime, drugs and increasing poverty among some residents, many landmarks were threatened with demolition.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=B. Russell |last=Leavitt |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,950674-1,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202135844/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,950674-1,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 2, 2008 |title=In California: A Fading Hollywood|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date= June 6, 1982 |access-date=January 14, 2014}} (subscription may be required for this article)</ref> [[Columbia Square]], at the northwest corner of [[Sunset Boulevard]] and [[Gower Street, Hollywood|Gower Street]], is part of the ongoing rebirth of Hollywood. The [[Art Deco|Art Deco-style]] studio complex, completed in 1938, was once the Hollywood headquarters for [[CBS]]. It became home to a new generation of broadcasters when cable television networks [[MTV]], [[Comedy Central]], [[BET]] and [[Spike TV]] consolidated their offices there in 2014 as part of a $420 million office, residential and retail complex.<ref>{{cite news| title=Viacom signs 12-year lease at Columbia Square in Hollywood| url=https://www.latimes.com/business/realestate/la-fi-columbia-square-viacom-20141120-story.html| last=Vincent| first=Roger| date=November 19, 2014| work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

Since 2000, Hollywood has been increasingly [[gentrification|gentrified]] due to revitalization by private enterprise and public planners.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.city-journal.org/2012/22_3_snd-los-angeles.html|title=Let L.A. be L.A.|first=Joel|last=Kotkin|publisher=[[City Journal (New York City)|City Journal]]|place=New York City|date=Summer 2012|volume=22|number=3|access-date=August 2, 2012|archive-date=August 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801072700/https://www.city-journal.org/2012/22_3_snd-los-angeles.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-millennium-hollywood-20150430-story.html|title=Judge halts Millennium Hollywood skyscraper project|work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=April 30, 2015| first1=Rong-Gong |last1=Lin II | first2=David |last2=Zahniser | first3=Rosanna|last3= Xia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-property-report-20140130-story.html|title=Vine Street resurgence continues with $285-million mixed-use project|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=January 30, 2014|first=Roger|last=Vincent}}</ref> Over 1,200 hotel rooms have been added in the Hollywood area between 2001 and 2016. Four thousand new apartments and over thirty [[low-rise|low to mid-rise]] development projects were approved in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://la.curbed.com/maps/hollywood-development-hotels-apartments-construction |title=Mapped: Hollywood's booming development landscape |work=[[Curbed]] Los Angeles |last=Barragan |first=Blanca |date=April 17, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2021}}</ref>

===Secession movement===
[[File:Hollywood Sign (Zuschnitt).jpg|thumb|upright=1|The iconic [[Hollywood Sign]] in the [[Hollywood Hills]]]]
[[File:HollywoodSecesssion-Pro-5277.jpg|thumb|Mobile billboard promoting Hollywood secession from Los Angeles, October 2002]]

In 2002, some Hollywood voters began a campaign for the area to secede from Los Angeles and become a separate municipality. In June of that year, the [[Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors]] placed secession referendums for both Hollywood and the [[San Fernando Valley]] on the ballot. To pass, they required the approval of a majority of voters in the proposed new municipality as well as a majority of voters in all of Los Angeles. In the November election, both measures failed by wide margins in the citywide vote.<ref name=DailyBruin2002>{{cite web|last=Grand|first=Noah|title=Valley, Hollywood secession measures fail|url=http://dailybruin.com/2002/11/05/valley-hollywood-secession-mea/|work=[[Daily Bruin]]|access-date=December 29, 2013|date=November 5, 2002}}</ref>