Editing Hockey (section)

==Etymology==

The first recorded use of the word ''hockey'' is in the 1773 book ''Juvenile Sports and Pastimes, to Which Are Prefixed, Memoirs of the Author: Including a New Mode of Infant Education'' by Richard Johnson (Pseud. Master Michel Angelo), whose chapter XI was titled "New Improvements on the Game of Hockey".{{sfn|Gidén|Houda|Martel|2014|p=50}} The belief that hockey was mentioned in a 1363 proclamation by [[Edward III of England|King Edward III of England]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Guinness World Records 2015 |date=2014 |publisher=Guinness World Records |isbn=9781908843821 |page=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_f8z3/page/218 218] |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_f8z3 |url-access=registration |language=en}}</ref> is based on modern translations of the proclamation, which was originally in Latin and explicitly forbade the games "Pilam Manualem, Pedivam, & Bacularem: & ad Canibucam & Gallorum Pugnam".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rymer |first1=Thomas |title=Foedera, conventiones, literae, et cujuscumque generis acta publica, inter reges Angliae, et alios quosvis imperatores, reges, pontifices ab anno 1101 |date=1740 |at=Book 3, part 2, p. 79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=La2HrCHbd9AC&pg=RA1-PA79}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Scott |first1=Sir James Sibbald David |title=The British Army: Its Origin, Progress, and Equipment |date=1868 |publisher=Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Company |page=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pa6wJujkenUC&pg=PA86 |language=en}}</ref> The English historian and biographer [[John Strype]] did not use the word "hockey" when he translated the proclamation in 1720, instead translating "Canibucam" as "Cambuck";<ref>{{cite book |last1=Strype |first1=John |title=Survey of London |date=1720 |url=https://www.dhi.ac.uk/strype/TransformServlet?page=book1_251&display=normal |at=Book 1, pp. 250-251 |language=en}}</ref> this may have referred to either an early form of hockey or a game more similar to golf or croquet.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Birley |first1=Derek |title=Sport and the Making of Britain |date=1993 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=9780719037597 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVQiOYkBvV8C&pg=PA36 |language=en}}</ref>

The word ''hockey'' itself is of unknown origin. One supposition is that it is a derivative of ''hoquet'', a [[Middle French]] word for a [[Shepherd's crook|shepherd's stave]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=hockey&searchmode=none |title=Hockey |dictionary=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=June 18, 2011}}</ref> The curved, or "hooked" ends of the sticks used for hockey would indeed have resembled these staves, and similar folk etymologies exist for the bat-and-ball sports of [[Croquet]] and [[Cricket]]. Another supposition derives from the known use of cork bungs (stoppers), in place of wooden balls to play the game. The stoppers came from barrels containing "hock" ale, also called "hocky".{{sfn|Gidén|Houda|Martel|2014|p=235}}

===Modern usage===

In most of the world, the term ''hockey'' when used without clarification refers to [[field hockey]], while in Canada, the United States, Russia and most of [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]] and [[Northern Europe]], the term usually refers to [[ice hockey]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Liebeck |editor1-first=Elaine |editor2-last=Pollard |editor2-first=Helen |title=The Oxford Paperback Dictionary |year=1994b|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-280012-4 |edition=4th}}</ref>

In more recent history, the word "hockey" is used in reference to either the summer Olympic sport of field hockey, which is a stick and ball game, and the winter ice team skating sports of [[bandy]] and [[ice hockey]]. This is because field hockey and other stick and ball sports and their related variants preceded games which would eventually be played on ice with ice skates, namely bandy and ice hockey, as well as sports involving dry floors such as [[roller hockey]] and [[floor hockey]]. However, the "hockey" referred to in common parlance often depends on locale, geography, and the size and popularity of the sport involved. For example, in Europe, "hockey" more typically refers to field hockey, whereas in Canada, it typically refers to ice hockey. In the case of [[bandy]], the game was initially called "hockey on the ice" and preceded the organization and development of ice hockey, but was officially changed to "bandy" in the early 20th century in order to avoid confusion with ice hockey, a separate sport. Bandy, while related to other hockey games, derives some of its inspiration from [[Association football]].
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| image1            = Field hockey (F) at the Beijing Olympics - Germany v. China (1).jpg
| caption1          = In most of the world, the term hockey when used without clarification refers to [[field hockey]]
| image2            = Pittsburgh Penguins, Washington Capitals, Bryan Rust (33744033514).jpg
| caption2          = The word "hockey" in Canada, the United States, Russia, and most of Eastern and Northern Europe, typically refers to [[ice hockey]]
}}