Editing Hoboken, New Jersey (section)

==History==
===Etymology===
The name Hoboken was chosen by Colonel [[John Stevens (inventor, born 1749)|John Stevens]] when he bought land, on a part of which the city still sits. The [[Lenape]], later called Delaware Indian tribe of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], referred to the area as the "land of the tobacco pipe", most likely to refer to the [[soapstone]] collected there to carve [[tobacco pipe]]s, and used a phrase that became "Hopoghan Hackingh".<ref name=HobokenMuseum>[https://www.hobokenmuseum.org/explore-hoboken/ "The Abridged History of Hoboken"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501133722/https://www.hobokenmuseum.org/history/short-history-of-hoboken |date=May 1, 2015 }}, Hoboken Museum, Accessed February 24, 2015.</ref><ref>Hutchinson, Viola L. [http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/356/nj_place_names_origin.pdf#page=16 ''The Origin of New Jersey Place Names''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115082401/http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/356/nj_place_names_origin.pdf#page=16 |date=November 15, 2015 }}, New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref><ref>[[Henry Gannett|Gannett, Henry]]. [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n157/mode/2up <!-- pg=138 --> ''The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States''], p. 158. [[United States Government Printing Office]], 1905. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref> Like [[Weehawken, New Jersey|Weehawken]], its neighbor to the north, as well as [[Communipaw]] and [[Harsimus]] to the south, Hoboken had many variations in the folks-tongue. ''Hoebuck'', old Dutch for high bluff, and likely referring to Castle Point, the district of the city highest above sea level, was used during the colonial era, and was later spelled as ''Hobuck'',<ref>''Hoboken Reporter'' January 16, 2005</ref> ''Hobock'',<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=EQgKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA428&lpg=PA428&dq=hobock+hoboken ''Minutes of the Common Council of the City of New York, 1675–1776, Volume 8''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112170736/https://books.google.com/books?id=EQgKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA428&lpg=PA428&dq=hobock+hoboken |date=January 12, 2016 }}, p. 428. Archived at [[Google Books]]. Accessed June 9, 2014.</ref> ''Hobuk''<ref>[http://www.thirteen.org/hoboken/history.html History of Hoboken] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154319/http://www.thirteen.org/hoboken/history.html |date=July 14, 2014 }}, [[WNET]]. Accessed September 1, 2015. "The following description of Hobuk, as it was then known, comes from a letter written in 1685 by a George Scott, of Edinburg"</ref> and ''Hoboocken''.<ref>[http://files.usgwarchives.org/nj/statewide/history/colrec/vol21/v21-01.txt New Jersey Colonial Records, East Jersey Records: Part 1 – Volume 21 Calendar of Records 1664–1703] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210113334/http://files.usgwarchives.org/nj/statewide/history/colrec/vol21/v21-01.txt |date=February 10, 2009 }}, USGenWeb Archives. Accessed November 27, 2011.</ref> However, in the nineteenth century, the name was changed to Hoboken, influenced by [[Flemish people|Flemish]] immigrants, and a [[folk etymology]] had emerged, linking the town of Hoboken to the similarly-named [[Hoboken, Antwerp|Hoboken]] district of [[Antwerp]].<ref>Van Der Sijs, Nicoline. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qIsDdUSYJMIC&q=hoboken ''Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops: The Influence of Dutch on the North American Languages''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803035919/https://books.google.com/books?id=qIsDdUSYJMIC&q=hoboken |date=August 3, 2020 }}, p. 109. [[Amsterdam University Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-9089641243}}. Accessed June 2, 2016.</ref>

Hoboken has been nicknamed the Mile Square City,<ref name=MileSquare/> but it actually occupies about {{cvt|1.25|sqmi}} of land.<ref name=CensusArea/> During the late 19th/early 20th century the population and culture of Hoboken was dominated by [[German language]] speakers who sometimes called it "Little Bremen", many of whom are buried in [[Hoboken Cemetery, North Bergen]].<ref>[http://www.hobokenmuseum.org/pressrelease/HHMpr080416aNiceTavern.pdf "Hoboken Historical Museum Hosts Publication Party for Oral History Chapbook, "''A Nice Tavern''"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719051010/http://www.hobokenmuseum.org/pressrelease/HHMpr080416aNiceTavern.pdf |date=July 19, 2011 }}, Hoboken Historical Museum. Accessed November 17, 2010.</ref><ref>[[Peter Applebome|Applebome, Peter]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/05/nyregion/jitters-about-whos-in-charge-on-the-waterfront-in-1917-and-today.html "Our Towns; Jitters About Who's in Charge on the Waterfront, in 1917 and Today"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913223727/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/05/nyregion/jitters-about-whos-in-charge-on-the-waterfront-in-1917-and-today.html |date=September 13, 2018 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 5, 2006. Accessed September 13, 2018. "And Hoboken, where as early as the 1850s, more than 1,500 of the 7,000 inhabitants were of German origin, was known as Little Bremen, and had an elaborate network of German beer gardens and restaurants, social clubs, newspapers, theaters and schools."</ref>

===Early-European arrival and colonial period===
[[File:HudsonRiverJerseyCity1890.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Hudson River]] during the 1880s offshore from Hoboken and [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]]]]
Hoboken was originally an island which was surrounded by the [[Hudson River]] on the east and tidal lands at the foot of the [[New Jersey Palisades]] on the west. It was a seasonal campsite in the territory of the [[Hackensack (Native Americans)|Hackensack]], a [[phratry]] of the [[Lenape|Lenni Lenape]], who used the serpentine rock found there to carve pipes.<ref name=HobokenMuseum/>

The first recorded European to lay claim to the area was [[Henry Hudson]], an Englishman sailing for the [[Dutch East India Company]], who anchored his ship the ''[[Halve Maen]]'' (''Half Moon'') at [[Weehawken Cove]] on October 2, 1609.<ref name="Hoboken Museum">[https://www.hobokenmuseum.org/history/short-history-of-hoboken Short History of Hoboken] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501133722/https://www.hobokenmuseum.org/history/short-history-of-hoboken |date=May 1, 2015 }}, Hoboken Historical Museum. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref> An entry made in the journal of Hudson's mate, Robert Juet, on that date, is the earliest known reference to the area today known as Hoboken, and would be the last known such reference until twenty years later.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=I: First Owners of West Hoboken.|title=History of West Hoboken, NJ: 1609 - 1903|date=1903|author=W.H. Drescher, Jr.|publisher=Lehne & Drescher|page=7}}</ref> Soon after the area became part of the province of [[New Netherland]].{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

In 1630, [[Michael Reyniersz Pauw]], a burgemeester (mayor) of [[Amsterdam]] and a director of the [[Dutch West India Company]], received a land grant as [[patroon]] on the condition that he would plant a colony of not fewer than fifty persons within four years on the west bank of what had been named the [[North River (New York-New Jersey)|North River]]. Three Lenape sold the land that became Hoboken and part of Jersey City for 80 fathoms (146 m) of [[wampum]], 20 fathoms (37 m) of cloth, 12 kettles, six guns, two blankets, one double kettle, and half a barrel of beer.<ref name="Hoboken Museum"/> These transactions, variously dated as July 12, 1630 and November 22, 1630, represent the earliest known conveyance for the area. Pauw, whose Latinized name is [[Pavonia, New Netherland|Pavonia]], failed to settle the land, and he was obliged to sell his holdings back to the company in 1633.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

It was later acquired by Hendrick Van Vorst, who leased part of the land to Aert Van Putten, a farmer. In 1643, north of what would be later known as Castle Point, Van Putten built a house and a brewery, North America's first. In [[Kieft's War|series of Indian and Dutch raids and reprisals]], Van Putten was killed and his buildings destroyed, and all residents of Pavonia, as the colony was then known, were ordered back to New Amsterdam.<ref>{{cite web|last1=King|first1=Rebecca|title=An ill-fated brewery in Hoboken was America's oldest|url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/food/beer/2022/08/23/america-first-brewery-van-putten-hoboken-nj/65379079007/|website=[[NorthJersey.com]]|language=en-US|url-status=live|date=August 23, 2022|access-date=July 29, 2023|archive-date=January 18, 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230118232130/https://www.northjersey.com/story/food/beer/2022/08/23/america-first-brewery-van-putten-hoboken-nj/65379079007/}}</ref>

In 1664, the English took possession of [[New Amsterdam]] with little to no resistance, and in 1668 they confirmed a previous land patent by Nicolas Verlett. In 1674–1675, the area became part of [[East Jersey]], and the province was divided into four administrative districts, Hoboken becoming part of [[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen County]], where it remained until the creation of [[Hudson County, New Jersey|Hudson County]] on February 22, 1840. English-speaking settlers (some relocating from New England) interspersed with the Dutch, but it remained sparsely populated and agrarian.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

Eventually, the land came into the possession of William [[Bayard family|Bayard]], who originally supported the revolutionary cause, but became a [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist Tory]] after the fall of New York in 1776 when the city and surrounding areas, including the west bank of the renamed Hudson River, were occupied by the British. At the end of the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], Bayard's property was confiscated by the Revolutionary Government of New Jersey. In 1784, the land described as "William Bayard's farm at Hoebuck" was bought at auction by Colonel [[John Stevens (inventor, born 1749)|John Stevens]] for £18,360 (then $90,000).<ref name="Hoboken Museum"/>

===19th century===
[[File:Panorama of Manhattan Island. (With details) Hoboken in 1854(NYPL Hades-1090707-psnypl prn 1006) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Hoboken in 1854]]
[[File:Birds eye view of Hoboken (NYPL Hades-118990-53939) (cropped).tif|thumb|left|Hoboken in 1860]]
[[File:New York, from Hoboken, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views (cropped).png|thumb|left|A [[stereoscopic]] image of ferries at Hoboken, 1865]]
In the early 19th century, Colonel [[John Stevens (inventor, born 1749)|John Stevens]] developed the waterfront as a resort for Manhattanites.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Thomas Francis |title=A Gazetteer of the State of New Jersey: Comprehending a General View of Its Physical and Moral Condition, Together with a Topographical and Statistical Account of Its Counties, Towns, Villages, Canals, Rail Roads, &c., Accompanied by a Map |year=1834 |publisher=Daniel Fenton |isbn=978-0-7222-0244-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VoVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA92 |access-date=October 2, 2020 |archive-date=May 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517183852/https://books.google.com/books?id=8VoVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA92 |url-status=live }}</ref> On October 11, 1811, Stevens' ship the ''Juliana'', began to operate as a [[ferry]] between Manhattan and Hoboken, making it the world's first commercial steam ferry.<ref>[http://www.stevens.edu/sit/about/steamboats.cfm "History: Steamboats"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616051225/http://www.stevens.edu/sit/about/steamboats.cfm |date=June 16, 2012 }}, Stevens Institute of Technology. Accessed April 16, 2012. "Thus, in 1811 the Colonel purchased a commercial ferry license in New York state and operated a horse powered ferry while building a steam ferry, the ''Juliana.'' When the ''Juliana'' was put into service from Hoboken to New York, the Stevenses inaugurated what is reputed to be the first regular commercially operated steam ferry in the world."</ref> In 1825, he designed and built a [[steam locomotive]] capable of hauling several passenger cars at his estate.<ref>Burks, Edward C. [https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/13/archives/hoboken-to-pay-tribute-to-5wheel-locomotive.html "Hoboken to Pay Tribute To 5‐Wheel Locomotive"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008202918/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/13/archives/hoboken-to-pay-tribute-to-5wheel-locomotive.html |date=October 8, 2021 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 13, 1976. Accessed August 19, 2020.</ref> [[Sybil's Cave]], a cave with a natural spring, was opened in 1832 and visitors came to pay a penny for a glass of water from the cave which was said to have medicinal powers.<ref>Jennemann, Tom. [http://hudsonreporter.com/view/full_stories_home/2402705/article-Excavation-of-Sybil-s-Cave-to-begin-Tuesday-Site-was-location-of-natural-spring--inspiration-for-Poe-murder-mystery "Excavation of Sybil's Cave to begin Tuesday Site was location of natural spring, inspiration for Poe murder mystery"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426214912/http://hudsonreporter.com/view/full_stories_home/2402705/article-Excavation-of-Sybil-s-Cave-to-begin-Tuesday-Site-was-location-of-natural-spring--inspiration-for-Poe-murder-mystery |date=April 26, 2013 }}, ''[[The Hudson Reporter]]'', January 25, 2005. Accessed April 16, 2012. "Roberts said that the benches they will add will hark back to a time when the city's waterfront was a retreat for wealthy New Yorkers. Sybil's Cave was first opened as a day trippers' attraction in 1832, according to an Aug. 9, 1934 story in the Hoboken Dispatch."</ref> In 1841, the cave became a legend, when [[Edgar Allan Poe]] wrote "[[The Mystery of Marie Roget]]" about an event that took place there.<ref>Fahim, Kareem. [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/26/nyregion/26cave.html "'Open Sesame' Just Won't Do: Hoboken Tries to Unlock Its Cave"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619021204/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/26/nyregion/26cave.html |date=June 19, 2022 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', June 26, 2007. Accessed April 16, 2012. "In 1841, the bloodied body of Mary Cecilia Rogers drifted to shore near the mouth of Sybil's Cave, and into legend, the subject of a thriller by Edgar Allan Poe."</ref> The cave was closed in the late 1880s after the water was found to be contaminated, and it was shut and in the 1930s and filled with concrete, before it was reopened in 2008.<ref>Baldwin, Carly. [https://www.nj.com/hobokennow/2008/10/sybils_cave_reopened_amid_cont.html "Sybil's Cave reopened -- amid controversy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801193325/https://www.nj.com/hobokennow/2008/10/sybils_cave_reopened_amid_cont.html |date=August 1, 2020 }}, ''[[The Jersey Journal]]''/ [[NJ.com]], October 21, 2008, updated April 2, 2019. Accessed November 13, 2019. "Hoboken Mayor Dave Roberts celebrated the re-opening of the historic Sybil's Cave this morning. But, as Hoboken wrestles with a state takeover and residents face a 47 percent tax hike, some say Sybil's Cave is just another example of what they call the mayor's spendthrift ways."</ref> Before his death in 1838, Stevens founded the [[Hoboken Land and Improvement Company Building|Hoboken Land and Improvement Company]], which laid out a regular system of streets, blocks and lots, constructed housing, and developed manufacturing sites. In general, the housing consisted of masonry row houses of three to five stories, some of which survive to the present day, as does the street grid.<ref>Colrick, Patricia Florio. [https://books.google.com/books?id=t6RD_6qV1NwC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6 ''Hoboken''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803071435/https://books.google.com/books?id=t6RD_6qV1NwC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6 |date=August 3, 2020 }}. p. 6. [[Arcadia Publishing]], 1999. {{ISBN|0-7385-3730-6}}. Accessed April 16, 2012. "Hoboken was laid out in a grid pattern in 1804, on the Loss Map by the inventor and the owner of much of the land, Colonel John Stevens."</ref>

Hoboken was originally formed as a [[township (New Jersey)|township]] on April 9, 1849, from portions of [[North Bergen, New Jersey|North Bergen Township]]. As the town grew in population and employment, many of Hoboken's residents saw a need to incorporate as a full-fledged city, and in a referendum held on March 29, 1855, ratified an Act of the [[New Jersey Legislature]] signed the previous day, and the City of Hoboken was born.<ref name=Story/> In the subsequent election, Cornelius V. Clickener became [[Mayor of Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken's first mayor]]. On March 15, 1859, the Township of Weehawken was created from portions of Hoboken and North Bergen Township.<ref name=Story>Snyder, John P. [https://nj.gov/dep/njgs/enviroed/oldpubs/bulletin67.pdf ''The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968''], Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 148. Accessed May 29, 2024.</ref>

Based on a bequest from [[Edwin A. Stevens]], [[Stevens Institute of Technology]] was founded at [[Castle Point (Hoboken)|Castle Point]] in 1870, at the site of the [[Stevens family]]'s former estate, as the nation's first [[mechanical engineering]] college.<ref name=History>[https://www.stevens.edu/about-stevens/stevens-history Leading Innovation: A Brief History of Stevens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031917/https://www.stevens.edu/about-stevens/stevens-history |date=November 7, 2017 }}, [[Stevens Institute of Technology]]. Accessed November 5, 2017. "When inventor Edwin A. Stevens died in 1868, his will provided for the establishment of the university that now bears his family's name. Two years later, in 1870, Stevens Institute of Technology opened, offering a rigorous engineering curriculum leading to the degree of Mechanical Engineer following a course of study firmly grounded both in scientific principles and the humanities."</ref>

By the late 19th century, shipping lines were using Hoboken as a terminal port, and the [[Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad]] (later the [[Erie Lackawanna Railroad]]) developed a railroad terminal at the waterfront, with the present [[NJ Transit]] terminal designed by architect [[Kenneth Murchison]] constructed in 1907.<ref>Hughes, C. J. [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/21/realestate/commercial/21station.html "Reviving the Glory of Hoboken Terminal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005003426/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/21/realestate/commercial/21station.html |date=October 5, 2013 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 21, 2005. Accessed April 16, 2012. "The Hoboken Terminal, built in 1907, is a two-story Beaux-Arts structure designed by Kenneth Murchison, an architect with the firm of McKim, Mead & White, which designed the original Pennsylvania Station in Manhattan."</ref> It was also during this time that German immigrants, who had been settling in town during most of the century, became the predominant population group in the city, at least partially due to its being a major destination port of the [[Hamburg America Line]], though anti-German sentiment during World War I led to a rapid decline in the German community.<ref>Skontra, Alan. [http://hoboken.patch.com/articles/a-history-of-hobokens-immigrants "A History of Hoboken's Immigrants: Dr. Christina Ziegler-McPherson presented her new book at the museum."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619021204/https://patch.com/new-jersey/hoboken/a-history-of-hobokens-immigrants |date=June 19, 2022 }}, HobokenPatch, July 18, 2011. Accessed April 16, 2012. "Hoboken's population started to grow when shipping companies built docks and warehouses along the waterfront, notably the Hamburg America line in 1863. With this development came jobs, which attracted immigrants. The city's population jumped from 2,200 in 1850 to 20,000 in 1870 and 43,000 in 1890.... Ziegler-McPherson said she learned just how much the city was a German enclave at the turn of the 20th century. A quarter of the city's residents had German roots, earning Hoboken the nickname of 'Little Bremen.'"</ref> In addition to the primary industry of shipbuilding, Hoboken became home to [[Keuffel and Esser]]'s three-story factory and in 1884, to Tietjen and Lang Drydock (later [[Vigor Shipyards|Todd Shipyards]]). Well-known companies that developed a major presence in Hoboken after the turn-of the-century included [[Maxwell House]], [[Lipton|Lipton Tea]], and [[Hostess (brand)|Hostess]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=Factories And Family Favorites In Hoboken |url=https://patch.com/new-jersey/hoboken/factories-family-favorites |access-date=2020-11-25 |website=Hoboken, NJ Patch |language=en |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104070714/https://patch.com/new-jersey/hoboken/factories-family-favorites |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Birthplace of baseball====
[[File:Baseball at Elysian Fields, Hoboken, NJ in 1866.jpg|thumb|left|Early baseball game played at [[Elysian Fields (Hoboken, New Jersey)|Elysian Fields]]]]
[[File:1.20.10ElysianFieldsMarkerByLuigiNovi.jpg|thumb|A historic marker stands at the intersection of 11th and Washington Streets, former site of Elysian Fields]]
The first officially recorded game of [[baseball]] took place in Hoboken in 1846 between [[Knickerbocker Base Ball Club of New York|Knickerbocker Club]] and New York Nine at [[Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey|Elysian Fields]].<ref>Sullivan, Dean A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TKbXIHDH1TQC "Early Innings: A Documentary History of Baseball, 1825–1908"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112160123/https://books.google.com/books?id=TKbXIHDH1TQC |date=January 12, 2016 }}, [[University of Nebraska Press]], 1997. {{ISBN|9780803292444}}. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref> In 1845, the Knickerbocker Club, which had been founded by [[Alexander Cartwright]], began using Elysian Fields to play [[baseball]] due to the lack of suitable grounds on [[Manhattan]].<ref>Nieves, Evelyn. [https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/03/nyregion/our-towns-in-hoboken-dreams-of-eclipsing-the-cooperstown-baseball-legend.html "Our Towns; In Hoboken, Dreams of Eclipsing the Cooperstown Baseball Legend"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111042118/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/03/nyregion/our-towns-in-hoboken-dreams-of-eclipsing-the-cooperstown-baseball-legend.html |date=November 11, 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 3, 1996. Accessed February 1, 2012.</ref> Team members included players of the [[St George's Cricket Club]], the brothers [[Harry Wright|Harry]] and [[George Wright (sportsman)|George Wright]], and [[Henry Chadwick (writer)|Henry Chadwick]], the English-born journalist who coined the term "America's Pastime".{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

By the 1850s, several [[Manhattan]]-based members of the [[National Association of Base Ball Players]] were using the grounds as their home field while St. George's continued to organize international matches between Canada, England and the United States at the same venue. In 1859, [[George Parr (cricketer)|George Parr]]'s All England Eleven of professional cricketers played the United States XXII at Hoboken, easily defeating the local competition. Sam Wright and his sons Harry and George Wright played on the defeated United States team, a loss which inadvertently encouraged local players to take up baseball. Henry Chadwick believed that baseball and not cricket should become the national pastime after the game drawing the conclusion that amateur American players did not have the leisure time required to develop cricket skills to the high technical level required of professional players. [[Harry Wright]] and [[George Wright (sportsman)|George Wright]] then became two of the first professional baseball players in the United States when Aaron Champion raised funds to found the [[Cincinnati Red Stockings]] in 1869.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

In 1865, the grounds hosted a championship match between the [[New York Mutuals|Mutual Club]] of New York City and the [[Brooklyn Atlantics|Atlantic Club]] of [[Brooklyn]] that was attended by an estimated 20,000 fans and captured in the [[Currier & Ives]] [[lithograph]] "The American National Game of Base Ball".<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/resource/pga.00600/ "The American national game of base ball. Grand match for the championship at the Elysian Fields, Hoboken, N.J."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331185026/https://www.loc.gov/resource/pga.00600/ |date=March 31, 2016 }}, [[Library of Congress]]. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref>

With the construction of two significant baseball parks enclosed by fences in [[Brooklyn]], enabling promoters there to charge admission to games, the prominence of [[Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey|Elysian Fields]] diminished. In 1868 the leading [[Manhattan]] club, [[New York Mutuals|Mutual]], shifted its home games to the [[Union Grounds]] in Brooklyn. In 1880, the founders of the [[New York Metropolitans]] and [[New York Giants (NL)|New York Giants]] finally succeeded in siting a ballpark in Manhattan that became known as the [[Polo Grounds]].{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

===20th century===
[[File:Upper Bloomfield Street between 9th & 10th Street, Hoboken, New Jersey (1900).jpg.jpeg|thumb|left|Upper Bloomfield Street between 9th and 10th, 1900]]
[[File:Hoboken 060606b.jpg|thumb|[[Hoboken Terminal]] shortly after it opened in 1907]]

Few nonwhites had settled in Hoboken by 1901. The ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'' claimed that an unwritten [[sundown town]] policy prevented African Americans from residing or working there.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29071098/ "Colored Folk Shun Hoboken"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619021204/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29071098/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle/ |date=June 19, 2022 }}, ''[[Brooklyn Eagle|Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]'', September 29, 1901, via [[Newspapers.com]]. Accessed November 13, 2019. "Hoboken, that unique suburb of New York, which has been maligned by many and spoken of derisively from Maine to California, has one claim to distinction: It has only one negro family within its borders. This is all the more remarkable because its neighbor, Jersey City, is full of colored people and outlying sections also have a large quota. ... Of the hundred and one reasons given for the diminutive size of the negro population of Hoboken, probably the correct one is that there is no way for negroes to earn a livelihood in the city.... There seems to be a sort of unwritten law in the town that negroes are to be barred out. This feeling permeates of everything. The Hobokenese are proud of the distinction conferred on their town by the absence of negroes."</ref>

====World War I====
{{further|Hoboken Port of Embarkation}}
When the U.S. entered [[World War I]], the [[Hamburg-American Line]] piers in Hoboken and [[New Orleans]] were taken under [[eminent domain]].<ref>Staff. [https://www.nytimes.com/1917/04/20/archives/army-put-in-charge-of-piers-in-hoboken-waterfront-used-by-teuton.html "Army put in charge of piers in Hoboken; Waterfront Used by Teuton Lines to be a Government Shipping Base. Mayor Reassures Germans May Live in the District So Long as They Are Orderly;-Strict Rules for Saloons. Army put in charge of piers in Hoboken would use German Ships. Marine Experts Want Them to Carry Food to the Allies."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728003413/https://www.nytimes.com/1917/04/20/archives/army-put-in-charge-of-piers-in-hoboken-waterfront-used-by-teuton.html |date=July 28, 2018 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 20, 1917. Accessed September 13, 2018. "About a quarter of a mile of Hoboken's writer front is technically under martial law today. Military authority superseded civil authority early yesterday morning along that part of the shore line occupied by the big North German Lloyd and Hamburg American Line piers, and armed sentries kept persons on the opposite side of the street from the pier yards."</ref> Federal control of the port and anti-German sentiment led to part of the city being placed under martial law, and many German immigrants were forcibly moved to [[Ellis Island]] or left the city of their own accord.<ref>[http://www.thirteen.org/hoboken/history_post.html History of Hoboken: Post-Industrial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605015551/http://www.thirteen.org/hoboken/history_post.html |date=June 5, 2011 }}, [[WNET]]. Accessed April 16, 2012. "Yet when the United States entered World War I on the side of Britain and France, this all changed. The U.S. government seized control of Hoboken's piers and the German ships docked there. Martial law was declared in sections of the city, and many Germans were sent to Ellis Island. Thousands of Germans left Hoboken, and soon the city became known for its large Italian population."</ref> Hoboken became the major point of embarkation and more than three million soldiers, known as "[[doughboy]]s", passed through the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doughboysofnyc.com/Doughboy1.html |title=Doughboys |website=DoughboysOfNYC.com |access-date=October 19, 2017 |archive-date=July 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710145706/http://www.doughboysofnyc.com/Doughboy1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Their hope for an early return led to [[John J. Pershing|General Pershing]]'s slogan, "Heaven, Hell or Hoboken... by Christmas."<ref>[http://www.hobokenmuseum.org/pressrelease/HHMpr080827WWIExhibit.pdf Heaven, Hell or Hoboken: Exhibit, Lecture Series Bring Hoboken's World War I Experience to Life] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129072539/http://www.hobokenmuseum.org/pressrelease/HHMpr080827WWIExhibit.pdf |date=January 29, 2012 }}, Hoboken Historical Museum & Cultural Center, August 27, 2008. Accessed November 27, 2011. "The designation meant national fame for Hoboken – General John J. Pershing's promise to the troops that they'd be in 'Heaven, Hell or Hoboken' by Christmas of 1917 became a national rallying cry for a swift end to the war, which actually dragged on for another year."</ref>

Following the war, [[Italians]], mostly stemming from the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] port city of [[Molfetta]], became the city's major ethnic group, with the [[Irish ethnicity|Irish]] also having a strong presence.<ref>Baldwin, Carly. [http://www.nj.com/hobokennow/index.ssf/2009/09/2009_hoboken_italian_festival.html "2009 Hoboken Italian Festival begins tomorrow!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802025236/http://www.nj.com/hobokennow/index.ssf/2009/09/2009_hoboken_italian_festival.html |date=August 2, 2014 }}, [[NJ.com]], September 9, 2009. Accessed September 1, 2015. "To bless their local industry, fishermen and sailors of Molfetta would carry the Madonna through the streets of town. Later generations would later emigrate from Molfetta and the surrounding region to Hoboken, where the centuries-old tradition continues."</ref> While the city experienced the [[Great Depression]], jobs in the ships yards and factories were still available, and the tenements were bustling. Middle-European Jews, mostly German-speaking, also made their way to the city and established small businesses. The [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]], which was established on April 30, 1921, oversaw the development of the [[Holland Tunnel]] (completed in 1927) and the [[Lincoln Tunnel]] (in 1937), allowing for easier vehicular travel between New Jersey and New York City, bypassing the waterfront.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

====Post-World War II====
The war facilitated economic growth in Hoboken, as the many industries located in the city were crucial to the war effort. As men went off to battle, more women were hired in the factories, some (most notably, [[Vigor Shipyards|Todd Shipyards]]), offering classes and other incentives to them. Though some returning service men took advantage of GI housing bills, many with strong ethnic and familial ties chose to stay in town. During the 1950s, the economy was still driven by Todd Shipyards, [[Maxwell House]],<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Talk of the Town: Good to the Last Drop |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=November 20, 1989 |url=http://archives.newyorker.com/?i=1989-11-20#folio=044 |access-date=February 14, 2011 |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714175126/http://archives.newyorker.com/?i=1989-11-20#folio=044 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lipton Tea]], [[Hostess (brand)|Hostess]] and [[Bethlehem Steel]] and companies with big plants were still not inclined to invest in major infrastructure elsewhere.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

[[File:Yellow Flats 03.jpg|thumb|Hoboken historic district]]
In the 1960s, working pay and conditions began to deteriorate: turn-of-the century housing started to look shabby and feel crowded, shipbuilding was cheaper overseas, and single-story plants surrounded by parking lots made manufacturing and distribution more economical than old brick buildings on congested urban streets. The city appeared to be in the throes of inexorable decline as industries sought (what had been) greener pastures, port operations shifted to larger facilities on [[Newark Bay]], and the car, truck and plane displaced the railroad and ship as the transportation modes of choice in the United States. Many Hobokenites headed to the suburbs, often the close by ones in [[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen]] and [[Passaic County, New Jersey|Passaic]] Counties, and real-estate values declined. Hoboken sank from its earlier incarnation as a lively port town into a rundown condition and was often included in lists with other New Jersey cities experiencing the same phenomenon, such as [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]], [[Elizabeth, New Jersey|Elizabeth]], [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]], and neighboring [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]].<ref>[[Anthony DePalma (author)|DePalma, Anthony]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/18/realestate/in-new-jersey-private-construction-returns-to-hoboken.html "In New Jersey; Private Construction Returns to Hoboken"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828163342/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/18/realestate/in-new-jersey-private-construction-returns-to-hoboken.html |date=August 28, 2020 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 18, 1984. Accessed November 13, 2019.</ref>

The old economic underpinnings were gone and nothing new seemed to be on the horizon. Attempts were made to stabilize the population by demolishing the so-called slums along River Street and build subsidized middle-income housing at Marineview Plaza, and in midtown, at Church Towers. Heaps of long uncollected garbage and roving packs of semi-wild dogs were not uncommon sights.<ref>Martin, Antoinette. [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/10/realestate/in-the-region-new-jersey-residences-flower-in-a-once-seedy-hoboken-area.html "In the Region/New Jersey; Residences Flower in a Once-Seedy Hoboken Area"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701105831/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/10/realestate/in-the-region-new-jersey-residences-flower-in-a-once-seedy-hoboken-area.html |date=July 1, 2016 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 10, 2003. Accessed February 1, 2012. "The area back from the Hudson River, along streets named for presidents -- Adams, Jackson, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe -- was ''sketchy'', Mr. Geibel said, and marked by 'old warehouses, boarded-up windows, raw sewage coming out of pipes and packs of wild dogs running in the streets.'"</ref> Though the city had seen better days, Hoboken was never abandoned. New infusions of immigrants, most notably [[Puerto Rican American|Puerto Ricans]], kept the storefronts open with small businesses and housing stock from being abandoned, but there wasn't much work to be had. Washington Street, commonly called "the avenue", was never boarded up, and the tight-knit neighborhoods remained home to many who were still proud of their city. Stevens remained a premier technology school, Maxwell House kept chugging away, and Bethlehem Steel still housed sailors who were dry-docked on its piers. Italian-Americans and other came back to the "old neighborhood" to shop for delicatessen.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

[[File:Keuffel and Esser Manufacturing Complex Hoboken November 2021.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Keuffel and Esser Manufacturing Complex]] was converted into residential apartments in 1975.<ref name="Keuffel">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170330234517/https://www.hobokenmuseum.org/exhibitions/main-gallery/past-exhibitions/keuffel-and-esser-2010 Surveying the World; Keuffel & Esser + Hoboken, 1875–1968], Hoboken Historical Museum, backed up by the [[Internet Archive]] as of March 30, 2017. Accessed November 13, 2019.</ref>]]

In 1975, the western part of the [[Keuffel and Esser Manufacturing Complex]] (known as "Clock Towers") was converted into residential apartments, after having been an architectural, engineering and drafting facility from 1907 to 1968;<ref name="Keuffel"/> the eastern part portion became residential apartments in 1984 (now called the '' Grand Adams'').<ref name="Keuffel"/>

====Waterfront====
The [[Hudson Waterfront]] defined Hoboken as an archetypal port town and powered its economy from the mid-19th to mid-20th century, by which time it had become essentially industrial (and mostly inaccessible to the general public). The large production plants of Lipton Tea and Maxwell House, and the [[drydock]]s of [[Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation]] and [[Todd Shipbuilding]] dominated the northern portion for many years. On June 30, 1900, [[1900 Hoboken Docks Fire|a large fire]] at the [[Norddeutscher Lloyd]] piers killed numerous people and caused almost $10&nbsp;million in damage.<ref>Beitler, Stu. [https://www.gendisasters.com/new-jersey/2428/hoboken,-nj-dock-fire,-jul-1900 "Hoboken, NJ Dock Fire, Jul 1900"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407064442/https://www.gendisasters.com/new-jersey/2428/hoboken,-nj-dock-fire,-jul-1900 |date=April 7, 2022 }}, GenDisasters.com. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.pier3.org/pier3/whathappened.html "A History of the Great Hoboken Pier Fire of 1900."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727174721/http://www.pier3.org/pier3/whathappened.html |date=July 27, 2011 }}, Pier 3. Accessed December 29, 2010.</ref> The southern portion (which had been a U.S. base of the [[Hamburg-American Line]]) was seized by the federal government under [[eminent domain]] at the outbreak of [[World War I]], after which it became (with the rest of the Hudson County) a major East Coast cargo-shipping port.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

[[File:Hoboken December 2022.jpg|thumb|Pier A Park]]
With the development of the [[Interstate Highway System]] and [[containerization]] shipping facilities (particularly at [[Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal]]), the docks became obsolete, and by the 1970s were more or less abandoned.<ref name="Hoboken Museum"/> A large swath of River Street, known as the [[Barbary Coast]] for its taverns and boarding houses (which had been home for many dockworkers, sailors, merchant mariners, and other seamen) was leveled as part of an [[urban renewal]] project. Though control of the confiscated area had been returned to the city in the 1950s, complex lease agreements with the [[Port Authority]] gave it little influence on its management. In the 1980s, the waterfront dominated Hoboken politics, with various civic groups and the city government engaging in sometimes nasty, sometimes absurd politics and court cases. By the 1990s, agreements were made with the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]], various levels of government, Hoboken citizens, and private developers to build commercial and residential buildings and "open spaces" (mostly along the bulkhead and on the foundation of un-utilized [[Landmarks of Hoboken, New Jersey|Pier A]]).<ref>[http://www.panynj.gov/real-estate-development/south-waterfront-hoboken.html The South Waterfront at Hoboken ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729222044/http://www.panynj.gov/real-estate-development/south-waterfront-hoboken.html |date=July 29, 2010 }}, [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]]. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref>

The northern portion, which had remained in private hands, has also been re-developed. While most of the dry-dock and production facilities<ref>Brenzel, Kathryn. [http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2014/01/super_bowl_sculpture_arrives_at_hoboken_waterfront_as_game_day_nears.html "Super Bowl 2014 sculpture arrives at Hoboken waterfront as game day nears"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331072136/http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2014/01/super_bowl_sculpture_arrives_at_hoboken_waterfront_as_game_day_nears.html |date=March 31, 2014 }}, [[NJ.com]], January 27, 2014. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref><ref>[http://betterwaterfront.org/ny-waterway-looks-to-nj-transit-to-purchase-union-dry-dock-for-ferry-maintenance-fueling-station-and-bus-parking/ "Ferry repair, fueling station and bus parking for Union Dry Dock site?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331082258/http://betterwaterfront.org/ny-waterway-looks-to-nj-transit-to-purchase-union-dry-dock-for-ferry-maintenance-fueling-station-and-bus-parking/ |date=March 31, 2014 }}, Fund for a Better Waterfront. Accessed March 31, 2014.</ref> were razed to make way for mid-rise apartment houses, many sold as investment condominiums, some buildings were renovated for adaptive re-use (notably the Tea Building, formerly home to Lipton Tea,<ref>Pace, Gina. [http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/real-estate/maxwell-place-developments-hoboken-waterfront-good-drop-article-1.1428166 "No paying through the roof for cabanas at 1100 Maxwell Place, the newest Toll Brothers City Living development on Hoboken's waterfront"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331083915/http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/real-estate/maxwell-place-developments-hoboken-waterfront-good-drop-article-1.1428166 |date=March 31, 2014 }}, ''[[New York Daily News|Daily News]]'', August 16, 2013. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref> and the Machine Shop, home of the Hoboken Historic Museum).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141008121506/https://www.hobokenmuseum.org/self-guided-walking-tours/points-of-interest Points of Interest], Hoboken Historical Museum, backed up by the [[Internet Archive]] as of October 8, 2014. Accessed November 13, 2019. "The Machine Shop was in use around-the-clock, employing as many as 11,000 workers. The shop closed in 1984. The building was recently incorporated into the Shipyard development and now houses luxury apartments, retail shops, and the Hoboken Historical Museum."</ref> Zoning requires that new construction follow the street grid and limits the height of new construction to retain the architectural character of the city and open sight-lines to the river. Downtown, [[Frank Sinatra Park]] and [[Sinatra Drive]] honor the man most consider to be Hoboken's most famous son, while uptown the name Maxwell recalls the factory with its smell of roasting coffee wafting over town and its huge neon "Good to the Last Drop" sign, so long a part of the landscape. The midtown section is dominated by the [[serpentine rock]] outcropping atop of which sits Stevens Institute of Technology (which also owns some, as yet, undeveloped land on the river). At the foot of the cliff is [[Sybil's Cave]] (where 19th century day-trippers once came to "take the waters" from a natural spring), long sealed shut, though plans for its restoration are in place. The promenade along the river bank is part of the [[Hudson River Waterfront Walkway]], a state-mandated master plan to connect the municipalities from the [[Bayonne Bridge]] to [[George Washington Bridge]] and provide contiguous unhindered access to the water's edge and to create an urban linear park offering expansive views of the Hudson with the spectacular backdrop of the New York skyline. As of 2017, the city was considering using [[eminent domain]] to take over the last operating maritime industry in the city, the Union Dry Dock.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171005202813/http://hobokennj.gov/2017/09/mayor-zimmer-seeks-to-acquire-union-dry-dock-property-for-waterfront-park/ "Mayor Zimmer Seeks to Acquire Union Dry Dock Property for Waterfront Park"], City of Hoboken, September 28, 2017, backed up by the [[Internet Archive]] as of October 5, 2017. Accessed November 13, 2019. "Based on discussions and written communications with Union Dry Dock, Mayor Dawn Zimmer has determined that it is important to expeditiously move ahead with the tools necessary to acquire the Union Dry Dock property for open space.... As a result, the City Council will be asked to authorize the use of eminent domain for the acquisition of Union Dry Dock at next week's City Council meeting. The authorization simply provides the City with the tools necessary to facilitate negotiations and does not mean that eminent domain will be implemented."</ref><ref>Strunsky, Steve. [https://www.nj.com/hudson/2017/10/hoboken_council_moves_to_seize_union_dry_dock_prop.html "Hoboken a step closer to seizing waterfront property using eminent domain"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801193200/https://www.nj.com/hudson/2017/10/hoboken_council_moves_to_seize_union_dry_dock_prop.html |date=August 1, 2020 }}, NJ Advance Media for [[NJ.com]], October 5, 2017, updated January 16, 2019. Accessed November 13, 2019. "The City Council moved forward Wednesday with plans to seize through eminent domain a waterfront property occupied by Hoboken's last working shipyard, Union Dry Dock.... Mayor Dawn Zimmer, who is not seeking re-election, has tried unsuccessfully to negotiate the purchase of the Union Dry Dock property on Sinatra Drive for use as a park and the final stretch of the city's Hudson River waterfront walkway."</ref>

[[File:Manhattan Skyline from Hoboken 010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|1000px|center|{{center|Panorama of [[Manhattan]] from Hoboken, December 2022}}]]

====1970s–present====
During the late 1970s and 1980s, the city witnessed a speculation spree, fueled by transplanted New Yorkers and others who bought many turn-of-the-20th-century brownstones in neighborhoods that the still solid middle and working class population had kept intact and by local and out-of-town real-estate investors who bought up late 19th century apartment houses often considered to be tenements. Hoboken experienced a wave of fires, some of which were arson.<ref>[http://www.hobokenfire.org/historyx.htm History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726152231/http://www.hobokenfire.org/historyx.htm |date=July 26, 2011 }}, Hoboken Fire Department. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref><ref name=Recalling>Good, Philip. [https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/27/nyregion/recalling-the-glory-days-of-the-hudson-dispatch.html "Recalling the Glory Days of The Hudson Dispatch"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819031518/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/27/nyregion/recalling-the-glory-days-of-the-hudson-dispatch.html |date=August 19, 2016 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 27, 1991. Accessed February 1, 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gottlieb |first=Dylan |date=2019-09-01 |title=Hoboken Is Burning: Yuppies, Arson, and Displacement in the Postindustrial City |journal=Journal of American History |language=en |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=390–416 |doi=10.1093/jahist/jaz346 |issn=0021-8723}}</ref> Applied Housing, a real-estate investment firm, used federal government incentives to renovate "sub-standard" housing and receive subsidized rental payments (commonly known as [[Section 8 (housing)|Section 8]]), which enabled some low-income, displaced, and disabled residents to move within town. Hoboken attracted artists, musicians, upwardly mobile commuters, and "bohemian types" interested in the socioeconomic possibilities and challenges of a bankrupt New York and who valued the aesthetics of Hoboken's residential, civic and commercial architecture, its sense of community, and relatively (compared to Lower Manhattan) less expensive rents, all a quick, train hop away.

These trends in development resembled similar growth and change patterns in [[Brooklyn]] and downtown [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]] and Manhattan's [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]]—and to a lesser degree, [[SoHo]] and [[TriBeCa]]—which previously had not been residential. Empty lots were built on, tenements were transformed into luxury condominiums. Hoboken felt the impact of the destruction of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] intensely, many of its newer residents having worked there. Re-zoning encouraged new construction on former industrial sites on the waterfront and the traditionally more impoverished low-lying west side of the city where, in concert with Hudson-Bergen Light Rail and New Jersey State land-use policy, [[transit village]]s are now being promoted.<ref>[http://njtod.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Land-Development-at-HBLR-Station.pdf ''Land Development at Selected Hudson-Bergen Light Rail Stations''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021036/http://njtod.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Land-Development-at-HBLR-Station.pdf |date=November 7, 2017 }}, NJTOD. Accessed November 5, 2017.</ref> Once a [[blue collar]] town characterized by live poultry shops and drab taverns, it has since been transformed into a town filled with gourmet shops and luxury condominiums.<ref name=Recalling/>

In October 2012, [[Hurricane Sandy]] caused widespread flooding in Hoboken, leaving 1,700 homes flooded and causing $100&nbsp;million in damage after the storm "filled up Hoboken like a bathtub",<ref>Breed, Allen G.; and Hays, Tom. [http://bigstory.ap.org/article/superstorm-sandy-takes-aim-atlantic-coast-0 "Superstorm Sandy Slams into New Jersey Coast"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030211337/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/superstorm-sandy-takes-aim-atlantic-coast-0 |date=October 30, 2012 }}, [[Associated Press]], October 30, 2012. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref> leaving the city without electricity for days, and requiring the summoning of the [[National Guard (United States)|National Guard]].<ref name=NYTimes11.3.23>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/03/headway/hoboken-floods.html|title=A Climate Change Success Story? Look at Hoboken.|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|author=Kimmelman, Michael|language=en-US|url-status=live|date=November 3, 2023|access-date=November 8, 2023|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231108171236/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/03/headway/hoboken-floods.html}}</ref> Workers in Hoboken had the highest rate of public transportation use in the nation, with 56% commuting daily via mass transit.<ref>Rivera, Ray. [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/17/nyregion/hoboken-faces-continuing-toll-from-hurricane-sandy.html "Its Restaurants Empty and Its Trains Stalled, Hoboken Encounters Storm's Increasing Toll"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113084409/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/17/nyregion/hoboken-faces-continuing-toll-from-hurricane-sandy.html |date=January 13, 2020 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]', December 16, 2012. Accessed August 19, 2020. "According to census surveys, an estimated 56 percent workers here use public transportation every day, surpassing New York City as the most transit-reliant community in the nation."</ref> Hurricane Sandy caused seawater to flood half the city, crippling the PATH station at Hoboken Terminal when more than 10&nbsp;million gallons of water dumped into the system. In December 2013 Mayor Dawn Zimmer testified before a U.S. Senate Committee on the impact the storm had on Hoboken's businesses and residents,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130106105047/http://www.hobokennj.org/2012/12/mayor-zimmer-testifies-at-us-senate-committee-about-sandys-impact-on-hoboken/ "Mayor Zimmer Testifies at US Senate Committee About Sandy's Impact on Hoboken"], City of Hoboken, December 13, 2012, backed up by the [[Internet Archive]] as of January 6, 2013. Accessed November 13, 2019.</ref><ref>[http://vimeo.com/55582761 "Mayor Zimmer testifies before Senate on Sandy's impact on Hoboken"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221184154/http://vimeo.com/55582761 |date=December 21, 2013 }}, [[Vimeo]], December 13, 2012. Accessed June 2, 2016.</ref> and in January 2014 she stated that Lieutenant Governor Kim Guadagno and Richard Constable, a member of governor [[Chris Christie]]'s cabinet, deliberately held back Hurricane Sandy relief funds from the city in order to pressure her to approve a Christie ally's developmental project,<ref>[[Steve Kornacki|Kornacki, Steve]]. [http://www.msnbc.com/up-with-steve-kornacki "Governor Chris Christie responds"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121013903/http://www.msnbc.com/up-with-steve-kornacki |date=January 21, 2014 }}, ''[[Up (TV series)|Up]]'', [[MSNBC]], January 19, 2014.</ref><ref>Giambusso, David; and Baxter, Chris. [http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/01/zimmer_christie_hoboken_scandal_allegations.html "Hoboken Mayor Dawn Zimmer alleges Chris Christie's office withheld Sandy aid over development deal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122002724/http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/01/zimmer_christie_hoboken_scandal_allegations.html |date=January 22, 2014 }}, NJ Advance Media for [[NJ.com]], January 18, 2014. Accessed November 12, 2015.</ref> a charge that the Christie administration denied.<ref>Giambusso, David. [http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/01/dca_official_accuses_zimmer_of_lying_about_sandy_allegations.html "Hoboken Mayor Dawn Zimmer's Sandy allegations 'categorically false,' DCA official says"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120233509/http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/01/dca_official_accuses_zimmer_of_lying_about_sandy_allegations.html |date=January 20, 2014 }}, NJ Advance Media for [[NJ.com]], January 18, 2014. Accessed November 12, 2015.</ref><ref>Giambusso, David. [http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/01/hoboken_mayor_dawn_zimmer_stands_by_allegations_against_christie.html "Hoboken Mayor Dawn Zimmer stands by her allegations against Christie"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121234154/http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/01/hoboken_mayor_dawn_zimmer_stands_by_allegations_against_christie.html |date=January 21, 2014 }}, ''[[The Star-Ledger]]'', January 18, 2014. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref><ref>Stirling, Stephen. [http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/01/hoboken_mayor_dawn_zimmer_once_a_christie_ally_now_becomes_a_foe.html "Hoboken Mayor Dawn Zimmer now becomes Chris Christie's foe"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121004912/http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/01/hoboken_mayor_dawn_zimmer_once_a_christie_ally_now_becomes_a_foe.html |date=January 21, 2014 }}, [[NJ.com]], January 18, 2014.</ref> In June 2014, the [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development]] allocated $230&nbsp;million to Hoboken as part of its Rebuild by Design initiative, adding levees, parks, green roofs, [[retention basin]]s and other infrastructure to help the low-lying riverfront city protect itself from ordinary flooding and build a network of features to help Hoboken [[future-proof]] itself against subsequent storms.<ref>Jaffe, Eric. [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/12/the-water-next-time/382242/ "The Water Next Time; How nature itself could become a city's best defense against extreme weather"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224120141/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/12/the-water-next-time/382242/ |date=December 24, 2017 }}, ''[[The Atlantic]]'', December 2014. Accessed November 4, 2015. "During Sandy's storm surge, in October 2012, river water breached the town's northern and southern tips and spilled into its low areas. On the west side of the city, still more water tumbled down the Palisades, the steep cliffs that run along the Hudson River.... Sandy flooded more than 1,700 Hoboken homes, knocked out the city's power grid, and halted trains into New York; in total, the storm caused more than $100 million in damages.... Together, these parts should be capable of withstanding a once-in-500-years storm."</ref>

The project included expanding the city's sewer capacity, incorporating [[cisterns]] and basins into parks and playgrounds, redesigning streets to minimize traffic accidents, and collect and redirect waster. By September 2023, the improvements were so successful that when a storm hit the area that month, depositing 3.5 inches on the city, including 1.44 inches during the hour coinciding with high tide, only a few inches of standing water remains at three of the city's 277 intersections by the evening, resulting in only three towed cars, and no cancelation of any city events. In an article that November for ''[[The New York Times]]'', Michael Kimmelman compared this to the storm's effects in New York City, whose government focused on [[flood wall]]s and [[Breakwater (structure)|breakwater]]s, but not rainwater, resulting in several subway lines being submerged in water, and thigh-high water levels in Brooklyn streets. For this, the article hailed Hoboken as a "climate change success story."<ref name=NYTimes11.3.23/>