Editing Histrionic personality disorder (section)

== Signs and symptoms ==
People diagnosed with HPD may be [[drama]]tic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kuzman |first1=Martina Rojnic |last2=Jovanovic |first2=Nikolina |last3=Vukelja |first3=Dinko |last4=Medved |first4=Vesna |last5=Hotujac |first5=Ljubomir |date=2008 |title=Psychiatric symptoms in idiopathic intracranial hypertension |journal=Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |language=en |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=367 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01810.x |pmid=18588604 |s2cid=38221625 |issn=1323-1316|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=French |first1=J. |last2=Shrestha |first2=S. |date=2020 |title=Histrionic Personality Disorder |journal=Definitions |doi=10.32388/lqk9fy|s2cid=212809271 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="ADAM2">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Histrionic personality disorder |encyclopedia=A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia |publisher=PubMed Health |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002498/ |access-date=17 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829223434/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002498/ |archive-date=2012-08-29 |url-status=live}}</ref> They often fail to see their own personal situation realistically, instead dramatizing and exaggerating their difficulties. Patients with this disorder can have rapidly shifting emotions and a decreased ability to recognize the emotions of others.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30248486/ | pmid=30248486 | year=2018 | last1=Ritzl | first1=A. | last2=Csukly | first2=G. | last3=Balázs | first3=K. | last4=Égerházi | first4=A. | title=Facial emotion recognition deficits and alexithymia in borderline, narcissistic, and histrionic personality disorders | journal=Psychiatry Research | volume=270 | pages=154–159 | doi=10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.017 | s2cid=52876012 }}</ref> Their emotions may appear superficial or exaggerated to others. This disorder is associated with [[Extraversion and introversion|extraversion]],<ref name="Cleveland2">{{cite web |title=Histrionic Personality Disorder |url=http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/3700/3795.asp?index=9743 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003045057/http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/3700/3795.asp?index=9743 |archive-date=2011-10-03 |access-date=23 November 2011 |publisher=The Cleveland Clinic}}</ref> a lower tolerance for frustration or [[delayed gratification]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=First |first1=Michael B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyXxmyysU7gC&dq=%22Histrionic+personality+disorder%22+%22delayed+gratification%22&pg=PA503 |title=Clinical Guide to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental Disorders |last2=Tasman |first2=Allan |date=2010-02-08 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-74520-5 |pages=503 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Openness to experience|openness to new experiences]]. People with HPD may have little self-doubt and often appear egocentric.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25280168/ | pmid=25280168 | year=2014 | last1=Furnham | first1=A. | title=A bright side, facet analysis of histrionic personality disorder: The relationship between the HDS Colourful factor and the NEO-PI-R facets in a large adult sample | journal=The Journal of Social Psychology | volume=154 | issue=6 | pages=527–536 | doi=10.1080/00224545.2014.953026 | s2cid=7592361 }}</ref>

Research has also shown those with histrionic personality have a greater desire for social approval and reassurance and will constantly seek it out, making those with HPD more vulnerable to social media addiction.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Savci |first1=Mustafa |last2=Turan |first2=Mehmet Emin |last3=Griffiths |first3=Mark D. |last4=Ercengiz |first4=Mustafa |date=2021 |title=Histrionic Personality, Narcissistic Personality, and Problematic Social Media Use: Testing of a New Hypothetical Model |journal=International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction |language=en |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=986–1004 |doi=10.1007/s11469-019-00139-5 |issn=1557-1874 |s2cid=204887310|doi-access=free }}</ref> People with this disorder often display excessive sensitivity to [[criticism]] or disapproval.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sperry |first=Len |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSQ1cDjxsPkC&dq=%22Histrionic+personality+disorder+AND+%22sensitive%22&pg=PA135 |title=Handbook of Diagnosis and Treatment of DSM-IV Personality Disorders |date=2013-05-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-95083-5 |pages=135 |language=en}}</ref> They will work hard to get others to pay attention to them,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) - Psychiatric Disorders |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/histrionic-personality-disorder-hpd?ruleredirectid=382 |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=MSD Manual Professional Edition |language=en-GB}}</ref> possibly as a method of testing the stability of relationships.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Babl |first1=Anna |last2=Gómez Penedo |first2=Juan Martín |last3=Berger |first3=Thomas |last4=Schneider |first4=Noemi |last5=Sachse |first5=Rainer |last6=Kramer |first6=Ueli |date=2022-07-06 |title=Change processes in psychotherapy for patients presenting with histrionic personality disorder |journal=Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy |volume=30 |issue=1 |language=en |pages=64–72 |doi=10.1002/cpp.2769 |pmid=35776063 |pmc=10084191 |s2cid=250174275 |issn=1063-3995}}</ref> They may enjoy situations in which they can be the center of attention, and may feel uncomfortable when people are not paying attention to them.<ref name="Cleveland2" /> People with this disorder may wear flamboyant clothing, try [[body modification]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Malick |first1=Farah |last2=Howard |first2=Josie |last3=Koo |first3=John |date=2008 |title=Understanding the psychology of the cosmetic patients |journal=Dermatologic Therapy |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=47–53 |doi=10.1111/j.1529-8019.2008.00169.x |pmid=18318885 |s2cid=20474746 |issn=1396-0296|doi-access=free }}</ref> and [[Factitious disorder imposed on self|fake medical conditions]] in an attempt to draw others' attention.<ref name="Cleveland2" /><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17048160/ | pmid=17048160 | year=2006 | last1=Ritvo | first1=E. C. | last2=Melnick | first2=I. | last3=Marcus | first3=G. R. | last4=Glick | first4=I. D. | title=Psychiatric conditions in cosmetic surgery patients | journal=Facial Plastic Surgery | volume=22 | issue=3 | pages=194–197 | doi=10.1055/s-2006-950177 | s2cid=260138417 }}</ref> They may be inappropriately sexually provocative,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Klonsky, Jane, Turkheimer, Oltmanns |first=E. David, J. Serrita, Eric, Thomas |year=2002 |title=Gender Role and Personality Disorders |journal=J Pers Disord |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=464–76 |doi=10.1521/pedi.16.5.464.22121 |pmc=4364134 |pmid=12489312}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=White |first1=Robert Douglas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHLqtIm71cAC&dq=Histrionic+personality+disorder+%22realistically%22&pg=PA190 |title=Working with Offenders: A Guide to Concepts and Practices |last2=Graham |first2=Hannah |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-84392-794-5 |pages=190 |language=en}}</ref> flirtatious,<ref name="Cleveland2" /><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25868053/ | pmid=25868053 | year=2015 | last1=Gazzillo | first1=F. | last2=Lingiardi | first2=V. | last3=Del Corno | first3=F. | last4=Genova | first4=F. | last5=Bornstein | first5=R. F. | last6=Gordon | first6=R. M. | last7=McWilliams | first7=N. | title=Clinicians' emotional responses and Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual adult personality disorders: A clinically relevant empirical investigation | journal=Psychotherapy | volume=52 | issue=2 | pages=238–246 | doi=10.1037/a0038799 | hdl=11585/799617 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19647529/ | pmid=19647529 | year=2009 | last1=Busch | first1=A. M. | last2=Kanter | first2=J. W. | last3=Callaghan | first3=G. M. | last4=Baruch | first4=D. E. | last5=Weeks | first5=C. E. | last6=Berlin | first6=K. S. | title=A micro-process analysis of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy's mechanism of change | journal=Behavior Therapy | volume=40 | issue=3 | pages=280–290 | doi=10.1016/j.beth.2008.07.003 }}</ref> or exploitative.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Marcie |date=July 1983 |title=A Women's View on DSM-III |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/74cc/0e0c7579a914c66173bc9e5f05fefc3c09e4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=American Psychologist |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=786–792 |doi=10.1037/0003-066x.38.7.786 |pmid=6614624 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316152728/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/74cc/0e0c7579a914c66173bc9e5f05fefc3c09e4.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-16 |access-date=2018-03-16 |s2cid=37908061}}</ref> [[Sexting|Sexually suggestive]] and [[exhibitionist]] behavior are also behaviors people with this condition sometimes exhibit, and are more likely to seek out casual sexual relationships.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21153441/ | pmid=21153441 | year=2011 | last1=Ferguson | first1=C. J. | title=Sexting behaviors among young Hispanic women: Incidence and association with other high-risk sexual behaviors | journal=The Psychiatric Quarterly | volume=82 | issue=3 | pages=239–243 | doi=10.1007/s11126-010-9165-8 | s2cid=29980530 }}</ref> Some people with histrionic traits or personality disorder change their seduction technique into a more parental style as they age.<ref name="AMN2">{{cite web |last=Arthur |first=Melissa |year=2006 |title=Histrionic Personality Disorder |url=http://www.health.am/psy/histrionic-personality-disorder/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212190602/http://www.health.am/psy/histrionic-personality-disorder/ |archive-date=2007-02-12 |access-date=10 January 2007 |work=Histrionic Personality Disorder: Description, Incidence, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Causes, Associated Conditions, Diagnosis, Signs and symptoms and treatment |publisher=Armenian Medical Network}}</ref> When their desire for attention is not met, it can heighten the severity of their symptoms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Duncan* |first1=Cameron |last2=Mellum |first2=Nathanael |last3=Cuneo |first3=Candie |last4=Anukam |first4=Doris |last5=Anderson-Monroe |first5=Cassandra |date=2020-10-13 |title=Understanding Histrionic Personality Disorder: A Guide for APRNs |url=https://www.gavinpublishers.com/article/view/understanding-histrionic-personality-disorder-a-guide-for-aprns |journal=International Journal of Nursing and Health Care Research |language=en |issn=2688-9501}}</ref>

Patients with HPD are usually high-functioning, both socially and professionally. They usually have good [[social skills]], despite tending to use them to make themselves the center of attention.<ref name="Cleveland2" /> HPD may also affect a person's social and [[Romance (love)|romantic]] relationships, as well as their ability to cope with losses or failures. People with HPD tend to consider relationships closer than they usually are.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16260481/ | pmid=16260481 | year=2005 | last1=Cunliffe | first1=T. | last2=Gacono | first2=C. B. | title=A Rorschach investigation of incarcerated female offenders with antisocial personality disorder | journal=International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology | volume=49 | issue=5 | pages=530–546 | doi=10.1177/0306624X04273198 | s2cid=27327861 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Citation |last1=French |first1=Jennifer H. |title=Histrionic Personality Disorder |date=2022 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542325/ |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=31194465 |access-date=2022-07-21 |last2=Shrestha |first2=Sangam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) - Psychiatric Disorders |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/histrionic-personality-disorder-hpd |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=MSD Manual Professional Edition |language=en-GB}}</ref> They may seek treatment for [[clinical depression]] when romantic (or other close personal) relationships end.<ref name=":3" /> [[Substance use disorder|Substance disorders]],<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=19333525 | year=2009 | last1=Lorea | first1=I. | last2=Fernández-Montalvo | first2=J. | last3=López-Goñi | first3=J. J. | last4=Landa | first4=N. | title=Cocaine addiction and personality disorders: A study with the MCMI-II | journal=Adicciones | volume=21 | issue=1 | pages=57–63 | doi=10.20882/adicciones.252 | doi-access=free | hdl=2454/28270 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> such as [[Alcoholism|alcohol use disorder]] or [[opioid use disorder]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Albein-Urios |first1=Natalia |last2=Verdejo-Román |first2=Juan |last3=Soriano-Mas |first3=Carles |last4=Asensio |first4=Samuel |last5=Martínez-González |first5=José Miguel |last6=Verdejo-García |first6=Antonio |date=2013 |title=Cocaine users with comorbid Cluster B personality disorders show dysfunctional brain activation and connectivity in the emotional regulation networks during negative emotion maintenance and reappraisal |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23712090/ |journal=European Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=1698–1707 |doi=10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.04.012 |issn=1873-7862 |pmid=23712090|s2cid=12081832 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=González |first1=Ester |last2=Arias |first2=Francisco |last3=Szerman |first3=Nestor |last4=Vega |first4=Pablo |last5=Mesias |first5=Beatriz |last6=Basurte |first6=Ignacio |date=2019 |title=Coexistence between personality disorders and substance use disorder. Madrid study about prevalence of dual pathology |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31869422/ |journal=Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=218–228 |issn=1578-2735 |pmid=31869422}}</ref> are all common in patients with histrionic personality disorder.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Torgersen, Lygren, Øien, Skre, Onstad, Edvardsen, Tambs, Kringlen |first=Svenn, Sissel, Per Anders, Ingunn, Sidsel, Jack, Kristian, Einar |date=November 2000 |title=A Twin Studies of Personality Disorders |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=416–425 |doi=10.1053/comp.2000.16560 |pmid=11086146}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmc=6043378 | year=2018 | last1=Gillespie | first1=N. A. | last2=Aggen | first2=S. H. | last3=Neale | first3=M. C. | last4=Knudsen | first4=G. P. | last5=Krueger | first5=R. F. | last6=South | first6=S. C. | last7=Czajkowski | first7=N. | last8=Nesvåg | first8=R. | last9=Ystrom | first9=E. | last10=Kendler | first10=K. S. | last11=Reichborn-Kjennerud | first11=T. | title=Associations Between Personality Disorders and Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use Disorder: A Population-Based Twin Study | journal=Addiction | volume=113 | issue=8 | pages=1488–1498 | doi=10.1111/add.14209 | pmid=29500852 }}</ref> They are also at higher risks of [[suicide]],<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=27433491 | year=2014 | last1=Shafiee-Kandjani | first1=A. R. | last2=Amiri | first2=S. | last3=Arfaie | first3=A. | last4=Ahmadi | first4=A. | last5=Farvareshi | first5=M. | title=Relationship between Personality Profiles and Suicide Attempt via Medicine Poisoning among Hospitalized Patients: A Case-Control Study | journal=International Scholarly Research Notices | volume=2014 | page=675480 | doi=10.1155/2014/675480 | pmc=4897309 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid=19752649 | year=2009 | last1=Ortigo | first1=K. M. | last2=Westen | first2=D. | last3=Bradley | first3=B. | title=Personality subtypes of suicidal adults | journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | volume=197 | issue=9 | pages=687–694 | doi=10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181b3b13f | pmc=2746062 }}</ref> [[Body dysmorphic disorder|body dysmorphia]] (a preoccupation with perceived flaws in one's physical appearance),<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=28791577 | year=2018 | last1=Gruber | first1=M. | last2=Jahn | first2=R. | last3=Stolba | first3=K. | last4=Ossege | first4=M. | title='Barbie Doll Syndrome'. A case report of body dysmorphic disorder | journal=Neuropsychiatrie | volume=32 | issue=1 | pages=44–49 | doi=10.1007/s40211-017-0241-2 | s2cid=148611124 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid=12893504 | year=2003 | last1=Holt | first1=D. J. | last2=Phillips | first2=K. A. | last3=Shapiro | first3=E. R. | last4=Becker | first4=A. E. | title="My Face is My Fate": Biological and psychosocial approaches to the treatment of a woman with obsessions and delusions | journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry | volume=11 | issue=3 | pages=142–154 | doi=10.1080/10673220303951 | pmc=1622895 }}</ref> and [[divorce]].<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=23244459 | year=2012 | last1=Disney | first1=K. L. | last2=Weinstein | first2=Y. | last3=Oltmanns | first3=T. F. | title=Personality disorder symptoms are differentially related to divorce frequency | journal=Journal of Family Psychology | volume=26 | issue=6 | pages=959–965 | doi=10.1037/a0030446 | pmc=3569846 }}</ref> They may go through frequent job changes, as they become easily bored and may prefer withdrawing from [[frustration]] (instead of facing it). Because they tend to crave [[novelty]] and excitement, they may place themselves in risky situations. All of these factors may lead to greater risk of developing clinical depression.<ref name="ADAM2" /> People with this condition can have an impressionistic and undetailed style of speech.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal |author=Widiger, T. |year=1998 |title=Sex biases in the diagnosis of personality disorders |journal=Journal of Personality Disorders |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=95–118 |doi=10.1521/pedi.1998.12.2.95 |pmid=9661097}}</ref>

Despite these traits, they can be [[pride]]ful of their own personality, and may be unwilling to change, viewing any change as a threat. They may even blame their personal failures or disappointments on others.<ref name="AMN2" />