Editing History of modern Greece (section)

==Background==
{{Main|Frankokratia|Ottoman Greece|Modern Greek Enlightenment|Greek War of Independence}}
The [[Byzantine Empire]] had ruled most of the Greek-speaking world since late Antiquity, but experienced a decline as a result of [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim Arab]] and [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk Turkish]] invasions and was fatally weakened by the [[Fourth Crusade|sacking of Constantinople]] by the [[Fourth Crusade|Latin Crusaders]] in 1204.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matthews |first=Ruperts |title=Sack of Constantinople (1204) |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Sack-of-Constantinople-1204 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AF">{{cite book |last1=Falk |first1=Avner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUVaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 |title=Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-89969-0 |page=75 |language=en}}</ref> The establishment of Catholic [[Latinokratia|Latin states]] on Greek soil, and the struggles of the Orthodox [[Byzantine Greeks]] against them, led to the emergence of a distinct Greek national identity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moles |first=Ian M. |date=1969-03-02 |title=Nationalism and Byzantine Greece |url=https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/view/10651 |journal=Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=95–107 |issn=2159-3159}}</ref> The Byzantine Empire was restored by the [[Palaiologos]] dynasty in 1261, but it was a shadow of its former self, and constant civil wars and foreign attacks in the 14th century brought about its terminal decline. As a result, most of Greece gradually became part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, culminating in the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, the conquest of the [[Duchy of Athens]] in 1458, and of the [[Despotate of the Morea]] in 1460.

[[File:Filiki Eteria flag.svg|thumb|upright|The flag of [[Filiki Eteria]]]]

Ottoman control was largely absent in the mountainous interior of Greece, and many fled there, often becoming brigands.<ref>{{cite book |author=Cavendish, Marshall |title=World and Its Peoples |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2009 |page=1478 |isbn=978-0-7614-7902-4 |quote=The klephts were descendants of Greeks who fled into the mountains to avoid the Turks in the fifteenth century and who remained active as brigands into the nineteenth century.}}</ref> Otherwise, only the islands of the Aegean and a few coastal fortresses on the mainland, under [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] rule, remained free from Ottoman rule, but by the mid-16th century, the Ottomans had conquered most of them as well. [[Rhodes]] [[Siege of Rhodes (1522)|fell]] in 1522, [[Cyprus]] in 1571, and the Venetians retained [[Crete]] until 1670.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleet |first=Kate |date=2015 |title=The Ottomans in the Mediterranean in the Later Fifteenth Century: the Strategy of Mehmed II |url=https://www.academia.edu/42687263/The_Ottomans_in_the_Mediterranean_in_the_Later_Fifteenth_Century_the_Strategy_of_Mehmed_II |journal=Storja}}</ref> The [[Ionian Islands]] were only briefly ruled by the Ottomans ([[Kefalonia]] from 1479 to 1481 and from 1485 to 1500), and remained primarily under the rule of Venice.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

The first large-scale insurrection against Ottoman rule was the [[Orlov Revolt]] of the early 1770s, but it was brutally repressed. The same time, however, also marks the start of the [[Modern Greek Enlightenment]], as Greeks who studied in Western Europe brought knowledge and ideas back to their homeland, and as Greek merchants and shipowners increased their wealth. As a result, especially in the aftermath of the [[French Revolution]], liberal and nationalist ideas began to spread across the Greek lands.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Zelepos |first=Ioannis |date=2018 |title=Greek War of Independence (1821–1832) — EGO |url=https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/european-media/european-media-events/ioannis-zelepos-greek-war-of-independence-1821-1832 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=EGO {{!}} Europäische Geschichte Online |language=de}}</ref>

In 1821, the Greeks [[Greek War of Independence|rose up]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Initial successes were followed by infighting, which almost caused the Greek struggle to collapse; nevertheless, the prolongation of the fight forced the Great Powers (Britain, Russia and France) to recognize the claims of the Greek rebels to separate statehood ([[Treaty of London (1827)|Treaty of London]]) and intervene against the Ottomans at the [[Battle of Navarino]]. Greece was initially to be an [[autonomous]] state under Ottoman [[suzerainty]], but by 1832, in the [[Treaty of Constantinople (1832)|Treaty of Constantinople]], it was recognized as a fully independent kingdom. In the meantime, the [[Third National Assembly at Troezen|3rd National Assembly]] of the Greek insurgents called upon [[Ioannis Kapodistrias]], a former foreign minister of Russia, to take over the governance of the fledgling state in 1827.<ref name=":0" />