Editing History of Portugal (section)

== Etymology ==<!--linked-->
The word ''Portugal'' derives from the combined [[Ancient Rome|Roman]]-[[Celtic languages|Celtic]] place name [[Portus Cale]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/portugal|title=Portugal – Origin and meaning of the name Portugal by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=Etymonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://agal-gz.org/faq/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=contributos-pgl:sobre_a_origem_e_significado_da_palavra_portugal.pdf|title=Origem e significado das palavras Portugal e Galiza|website=agal-gz.org}}</ref> a settlement where present-day's [[conurbation]] of [[Porto]] and [[Vila Nova de Gaia]] (or simply, Gaia) stand, along the banks of river [[Douro]] in the north of what is now Portugal.

Porto stems from the Latin word for [[port]] or harbour, {{Lang|la|portus}}, with the second element ''Cale''{{'}}s meaning and precise origin being less clear. The mainstream explanation points to an [[ethnonym]] derived from the Callaeci also known as the [[Gallaeci]] peoples, who occupied the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula.<ref name="academia.edu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/31989410|title=Documentos danca portuguesa|first=Marcos|last=Winicius|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref> The names ''Cale'' and ''Callaici'' are the origin of today's ''[[Vila Nova de Gaia|Gaia]]'' and ''[[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]''.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/10819665|title=Origem e significado dos nomes de Portugal e da Galiza|first=Luís|last=Magarinhos|journal=Actas do III Congreso Internacional Sobre a Cultura Celta: Os Celtas da Europa Atlántica. 15, 16 e 17 de Abril de 2011. Narón. Pp. 537–546|date=January 2011|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1YDwAAQBAJ&q=gallaecian+druid+culture&pg=PA9|title=Europa Sun Issue 4: April 2018|first1=Carolyn|last1=Emerick|first2=Various|last2=Authors|publisher=Carolyn Emerick|via=Google Books}}</ref> Another theory proposes that ''Cale'' or ''Calle'' is a derivation of the Celtic word for 'port',<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POGEbFpGHigC&q=celtic+cale+harbour&pg=RA1-PA270 |title=Celtic Linguistics |access-date=2010-08-22|isbn=978-0-415-20479-8|year=1706|last1=Pezron |first1=Paul |publisher=Taylor & Francis }}</ref> like the [[Irish language|Irish]] {{Lang|ga|caladh}} or [[Scottish Gaelic]] {{Lang|gd|cala}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faclair.com/?txtSearch=Cala|title=Am Faclair Beag – Scottish Gaelic Dictionary|first=William Robertson, Michael Bauer, Edward|last=Dwelly|website=www.faclair.com|access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> These explanations, would require the pre-Roman language of the area to have been a branch of Q-Celtic, which is not generally accepted because the region's pre-Roman language was [[Gallaecian]]. However, scholars like [[Jean Markale]] and Tranoy propose the Celtic branches all share the same origin, and placenames such as Cale, Gal, Gaia, [[Calais]], Galatia, Galicia, [[Gaelic language|Gaelic]], Gael, [[Gaul]] ({{langx|la|Gallia}}),<ref>{{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|ɡ|æ|l|i|ə}}</ref> [[Wales]], Cornwall, [[Wallonia]] and others all stem from one linguistic root.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=De Alarcão |first1=Jorge |title=Ainda sobre a localização dos ''populi'' do ''conventus Bracaraugustanus'' |journal=Anales de Arquelogía Cordobesa |year=1998 |pages=51–58 |url=https://helvia.uco.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10396/2852/9.3.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/originesetmigrat00peti|title=Origines et migrations des peuples de la Gaule jusqu'à l'avènement des Francs|first=Émile|last=Petitot|date=11 July 1894|publisher=Paris : J. Maisonneuve|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Cala is sometimes considered not Celtic, but from Late Latin ''calatum'' > ''calad'' > ''cala'',<ref>Alexander Macbain, ''An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language'', Gairm Publications; 1982 (new edition), p. 66.</ref> compare Italian {{Lang|it|cala}}, French {{Lang|fr|cale}}, itself from Occitan ''cala'' "cove, small harbour" from a Pre-Indo-European root ''*kal'' / ''*cala''<ref name="CNRTL">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cale|title=CALE : Etymologie de CALE|website=www.cnrtl.fr}}</ref> (see ''[[calanque]]''<ref name="CNRTL"/> and maybe [[Gallaecia|Galici-a]] < ''[[Callaeci]]'' or ''Calaeci''). Another theory claims it derives from the word ''Caladunum'',<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionarygreek08smitgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionarygreek08smitgoog/page/n501 477] |quote=Cale,  name  Porto greek. |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography |publisher=Walton and Maberly |access-date=2010-08-22|year=1856|last1=Smith |first1=Sir William }}</ref> in fact an unattested compound ''*Caladunum'', that may explain the toponym Calezun in [[Gascony]].<ref>Jacques Lacroix (preface [[Venceslas Kruta]]), [https://books.google.com/books?id=5XAqEAAAQBAJ&dq=Caladunum+%3E+Calezun&pg=PA134 ''Les Noms d'origine gauloise (NE): La Gaule des combats'', Editions Errance, 2012, p. 134]</ref>

A further explanation proposes ''Gatelo'' as having been the origin of present-day [[Braga]], [[Santiago de Compostela]], and consequently the wider regions of Northern Portugal and Galicia.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DesAAAAAYAAJ&dq=gatelo,&pg=PA382|title= Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Volume 1; Volume 8|last1= Academy|first1= Royal Irish|year= 1864}}</ref> A different theory has it that ''Cala'' was the name of a Celtic goddess (drawing a comparison with the [[Gaelic languages|Gaelic]] ''[[Cailleach]]'', a supernatural hag). Some French scholars believe the name may have come from {{Lang|la|Portus Gallus}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8zAQAAMAAJ&q=portus+Gallus+etymologie+du+portugal&pg=PA441|title=Manuel géographique et statistique de l'Espagne et du Portugal ...|date=11 April 2018|publisher=Buisson|via=Google Books}}</ref> the port of the Gauls or Celts.

Around 200 BC, the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] took the [[Iberian Peninsula]] from the Carthaginians during the [[Second Punic War]]. In the process they conquered Cale, renaming it {{Lang|la|Portus Cale}} ('Port of Cale') and incorporating it in the province of [[Gaelicia|Gaellicia]] with its capital in [[Bracara Augusta]] (modern day [[Braga]], Portugal). During the [[Middle Ages]], the region around Portus Cale became known by the [[Suebi]] and [[Visigoths]] as ''Portucale''.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} The name ''Portucale'' changed into ''Portugale'' during the 7th and 8th centuries. By the 9th century, ''Portugale'' was used extensively to refer to the region between the rivers [[Douro]] and [[Minho River|Minho]], the Minho flowing along what would become the northern [[Portugal–Spain border]]. By the 11th and 12th centuries, ''Portugale'', ''Portugallia'', ''Portvgallo'' or ''Portvgalliae'' was already referred to as ''Portugal''.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

The 14th-century [[Middle French]] name for the country, {{Lang|frm|Portingal}}, which added an intrusive /n/ sound through the process of [[excrescence (phonology)|excrescence]], spread to [[Middle English]].<ref name="OED">"Portugal, n. and adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2020, www.oed.com/view/Entry/148257. Accessed 30 July 2020.</ref> Middle English variant spellings included {{Lang|enm|Portingall}}, {{Lang|enm|Portingale}},{{NoteTag|[[Thomas Dawson (cook)|Thomas Dawson]]'s ''The Good Hus-wifes Handmaid for the Kitchen'' from 1594 includes a meatball receipt for "farts of Portingale".<ref>''[https://www.foodsofengland.info/book1594huswife.html The Good Huswives Handmaide for the Kitchin, 1594]}'' at the Foods of England project.  Accessed 30 July 2020.</ref>}} {{Lang|enm|Portyngale}} and {{Lang|enm|Portingaill}}.<ref name="OED"/><ref>Hans Kurath. "Portingāl(e" ''Middle English Dictionary''. University of Michigan Press, 1954. p. 1131.</ref> The spelling {{Lang|enm|Portyngale}} is found in Chaucer's Epilogue to [[the Nun's Priest's Tale]]. These variants survive in the ''[[Torrent of Portyngale]]'', a Middle English romance composed around 1400, and "[[Old Robin of Portingale]]", an English Child ballad. {{Lang|sco|Portingal}} and variants were also used in [[Scots language|Scots]]<ref name="OED"/> and survive in the [[Cornish language|Cornish]] name for the country, ''[[:kw:Portyngal|Portyngal]]''.