Editing History of Indonesia (section)

==Prehistory==
{{Main|Prehistoric Indonesia}}
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| image1            = Sangiran 17-02.JPG
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| caption1          = The replica of [[Java Man]] skull, originally discovered in [[Sangiran]], Central Java
| image2            = Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg
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| caption2          = The [[syntype]] fossils of Java Man (''H. e. erectus''), at [[Naturalis]], [[Leiden]]
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In 2007, an analysis of cut marks on two bovid bones found in [[Sangiran]], showed them to have been made 1.5 to 1.6 million years ago by clamshell tools. This is the oldest evidence for the presence of early humans in Indonesia. Fossilised remains of ''[[Homo erectus]]'' in Indonesia, popularly known as the "[[Java Man]]" were first discovered by the Dutch anatomist [[Eugène Dubois]] at [[Trinil]] in 1891, and are at least 700,000 years old. Other ''H.&nbsp;erectus'' fossils of a similar age were found at [[Sangiran]] in the 1930s by the [[anthropologist]] [[Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald]], who in the same time period also uncovered fossils at [[Ngandong]] alongside more advanced tools, re-dated in 2011 to between 550,000 and 143,000 years old.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Finding_showing_human_ancestor_older_than_previously_thought_offers_new_insights_into_evolution_999.html |title=Finding showing human ancestor older than previously thought offers new insights into evolution |publisher=Terradaily.com |access-date=28 April 2013 |archive-date=27 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127124833/http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Finding_showing_human_ancestor_older_than_previously_thought_offers_new_insights_into_evolution_999.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Pope |first=G.&nbsp;G. |year=1988 |title=Recent advances in far eastern paleoanthropology |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=43–77 |doi=10.1146/annurev.an.17.100188.000355}} cited in {{harvp|Whitten|Soeriaatmadja|Suraya|1996|pp=309–312}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Pope |first=G |title=Evidence on the Age of the Asian Hominidae |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=80 |issue=16 |pages=4988–4992 |date=15 August 1983 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.80.16.4988|pmid=6410399 |pmc=384173 |bibcode=1983PNAS...80.4988P |doi-access=free}}
cited in {{harvp|Whitten|Soeriaatmadja|Suraya|1996|p=309}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=de Vos |first=J.P. |author2=P.Y. Sondaar |title=Dating hominid sites in Indonesia |journal=Science Magazine |volume=266 |issue=16 |pages=4988–4992 |date=9 December 1994 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/266/5191/1726.pdf |doi=10.1126/science.7992059 |bibcode=1994Sci...266.1726D |doi-access=free |access-date=15 June 2007 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929225215/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/266/5191/1726.pdf |url-status=live}}
cited in {{harvp|Whitten|Soeriaatmadja|Suraya|1996|p=}}</ref> In 1977 another ''H.&nbsp;erectus'' skull was discovered at Sambungmacan.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://pages.nycep.org/nmg/pdf/Delson_et_al_%20sm3.pdf|title=The Sambungmacan 3 ''Homo erectus'' calvaria: A comparative morphometric and morphological analysis|journal=The Anatomical Record|volume=262|issue=4|pages=380–397|year=2001|last1=Delson|first1=Eric|last2=Harvati|first2=Katerina|last3=Reddy|first3=David|last4=Marcus|first4=Leslie F.|last5=Mowbray|first5=Kenneth|last6=Sawyer|first6=G. J.|last7=Jacob|first7=Teuku|last8=Marquez|first8=Samuel|doi=10.1002/ar.1048 |pmid=11275970 |s2cid=25438682 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124164845/http://pages.nycep.org/nmg/pdf/Delson_et_al_%20sm3.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, stone tools were discovered on Flores, dating from 1 million years ago. These are the earliest remains implying human seafaring technology.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 March 2010|title=Flores Man Could Be 1 Million Years Old – Science News|url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1838192/flores_man_could_be_1_million_years_old/|access-date=28 April 2013|publisher=redOrbit|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215151004/https://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1838192/flores_man_could_be_1_million_years_old/|url-status=live}}</ref> The earliest evidence of artistic activity ever found, in the form of diagonal etchings made with the use of a shark's tooth, was detected in 2014 on a 500,000-year-old fossil of a clam found in Java in the 1890s, associated with ''H.&nbsp;erectus''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429983.200-shell-art-made-300000-years-before-humans-evolved.html#.VISuEibfWnM|title=Shell 'art' made 300,000 years before humans evolved|access-date=29 August 2017|archive-date=6 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606151439/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429983.200-shell-art-made-300000-years-before-humans-evolved.html#.VISuEibfWnM|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2003, on the island of [[Flores]], fossils of a 1.1 m (3&nbsp;ft 7 in) tall hominid dated between 74,000 and 13,000 years old were discovered, much to the surprise of the scientific community. This newly discovered hominid was named the "[[Flores Man]]", or ''[[Homo floresiensis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=P. Brown |author2=T. Sutikna |author3=M. J. Morwood |author4=R. P. Soejono |author5=Jatmiko |author6=E. Wayhu Saptomo |author7=Rokus Awe Due |date=27 October 2004 |title=A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=431 |doi=10.1038/nature02999 |pages=1055–1061 |pmid=15514638 |issue=7012 |bibcode=2004Natur.431.1055B |s2cid=26441 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15287/files/PAL_E2586.pdf |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=3 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103195019/http://doc.rero.ch/record/15287/files/PAL_E2586.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morwood |first1= M. J. |last2=Soejono |first2= R. P. |last3=Roberts |first3= R. G. |last4=Sutikna |first4= T. |last5=Turney |first5= C. S. M. |last6=Westaway |first6= K. E. |last7=Rink |first7= W. J. |last8=Zhao |first8= J.-X. |last9=van den Bergh |first9= G. D. |author10=Rokus Awe Due |last11=Hobbs |first11= D. R. |last12=Moore |first12= M. W. |last13=Bird |first13= M. I. |last14=Fifield |first14= L. K. | date = 27 October 2004 | title = Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia. | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 431 | pages = 1087–1091 | doi = 10.1038/nature02956 | pmid = 15510146 | issue = 7012|bibcode=2004Natur.431.1087M |s2cid=4358548 |url=https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:73804/HCA10UQ73804.pdf}}</ref> A [[Phylogenetic comparative methods|phylogenetic analysis]] published in 2017 suggests that ''H. floresiensis'' was descended from the same ancestor as ''[[Homo habilis]].''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Argue|first1=Debbie|last2=Groves|first2=Colin P.|last3=Lee|first3=Michael S.Y.|last4=Jungers|first4=William L.|date=2017|title=The affinities of Homo floresiensis based on phylogenetic analyses of cranial, dental, and postcranial characters.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.02.006|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=107|pages=107–133|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.02.006|pmid=28438318|bibcode=2017JHumE.107..107A |issn=0047-2484|access-date=3 October 2021|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110033851/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248417300866?via%3Dihub|url-status=live}}</ref> ''H. floresiensis'' would thus represent a previously unknown and very [[Out of Africa I|early migration out of Africa]]. The ''Homo floresiensis'' skeletal material is dated from 60,000 to 100,000 years ago; [[stone tool]]s recovered alongside the skeletal remains were from [[Horizon (archaeological)|archaeological horizons]] ranging from 50,000 to 190,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sutikna|first1=Thomas|last2=Tocheri|first2=Matthew W.|last3=Morwood|first3=Michael J.|last4=Saptomo|first4=E. Wahyu|last5=Jatmiko|last6=Awe|first6=Rokus Due|last7=Wasisto|first7=Sri|last8=Westaway|first8=Kira E.|last9=Aubert|first9=Maxime|last10=Li|first10=Bo|last11=Zhao|first11=Jian-xin|date=30 March 2016|title=Revised stratigraphy and chronology for Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua in Indonesia|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature17179|journal=Nature|volume=532|issue=7599|pages=366–369|doi=10.1038/nature17179|pmid=27027286|bibcode=2016Natur.532..366S|s2cid=4469009|issn=0028-0836|access-date=3 October 2021|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110033953/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature17179|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Megalitisch beeld bij Tegoerwangi TMnr 10025807.jpg|thumb|Megalithic statue found in Tegurwangi, [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]], 1500 CE]]
The Indonesian archipelago was formed during the thaw after the [[Last Glacial Maximum]]. Early humans travelled by sea and spread from mainland [[Asia]] eastward to [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]]. ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' reached the region by around 45,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|author=Guy Gugliotta|publisher=Smithsonian|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/human-migration.html|title=The Great Human Migration|date=July 2008|page=2|access-date=17 February 2010|archive-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213000228/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/human-migration.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, evidence was uncovered in neighbouring [[East Timor]], showing that 42,000 years ago, these early settlers had high-level maritime skills, and by implication the technology needed to make ocean crossings to reach Australia and other islands, as they were catching and consuming large numbers of big deep sea fish such as tuna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/11/2011/evidence-of-42000-year-old-deep-sea-fishing-revealed|title=Evidence of 42,000 year old deep sea fishing revealed : Archaeology News from Past Horizons|publisher=Pasthorizonspr.com|access-date=28 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515133750/http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/11/2011/evidence-of-42000-year-old-deep-sea-fishing-revealed|archive-date=15 May 2013}}</ref>

{{multiple image
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| image2            = Maros_hunting_scene.png
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| caption2          = Redrawing of hunting scene from the Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst
| image1            = Pig-deer print paintings in Pettakere Cave, Maros.jpg
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| caption1          = Cave paintings depicting a wild boar hunt in the [[Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst|Maros-Pangkep karst]] of Sulawesi are estimated to be at least 43,900 years old. This finding was recognized as "the oldest known depiction of [[storytelling]] and the earliest instance of figurative art in human history.”
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[[File:Leang Tedongnge rock art panel credit AA Oktaviana-01.jpg|thumb|In 2021, researchers discovered cave art in Leang Tedongnge, estimated to be at least 45,500 years old, making it the world’s oldest known representational artwork.]]
In November 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of [[Lubang Jeriji Saléh]] on the Indonesian island of [[Borneo]].<ref name="NYT-20181107-cz">{{cite news|last=Zimmer|first=Carl|author-link=Carl Zimmer|title=In Cave in Borneo Jungle, Scientists Find Oldest Figurative Painting in the World – A cave drawing in Borneo is at least 40,000 years old, raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/science/oldest-cave-art-borneo.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/science/oldest-cave-art-borneo.html|archive-date=2022-01-03|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|date=7 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=8 November 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NAT-20181107">{{cite journal|author=Aubert, M.|display-authors=et al|title=Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo|date=7 November 2018|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9|pmid=30405242|volume=564 |issue=7735|pages=254–257 |bibcode=2018Natur.564..254A|s2cid=53208538}}</ref> The discovery of the cave paintings is important within human cultural history, as it adds to the view that cave art was created simultaneously in [[Indonesia]] and [[Europe]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rice |first1=Doyle|title=Earliest cave paintings of animal discovered in Indonesia, dating back 40,000 years|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/tech/science/2018/11/07/cave-art-worlds-oldest-paintings-animals-discovered-borneo/1922195002/|access-date=9 November 2018|work=USA TODAY |date=8 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Francesco d'Errico, an expert in prehistoric art at the [[University of Bordeaux]], described the investigation as a "major archaeological discovery".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rincon|first1=Paul|title='Oldest animal painting' discovered|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-46114423|access-date=8 November 2018|work=BBC News|date=7 November 2018}}</ref> On 11 December 2019, a team of researchers led by Dr. Maxime Aubert announced the discovery of the oldest hunting scenes in prehistoric art in the world which is more than 44,000 years old from the [[Solutional cave|limestone cave]] of Leang Bulu' Sipong 4. Archaeologists determined the age of the depiction of hunting a pig and buffalo thanks to the calcite 'popcorn', different isotope levels of radioactive [[uranium]] and [[thorium]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 December 2019|title=Animal painting found in cave is 44,000 years old|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50754303|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217194552/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50754303 |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=26 April 2020|work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Hannah Devlin |date=11 December 2019|title=Earliest known cave art by modern humans found in Indonesia|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/11/earliest-known-cave-art-by-modern-humans-found-in-indonesia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218090143/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/11/earliest-known-cave-art-by-modern-humans-found-in-indonesia |archive-date=18 December 2020|access-date=26 April 2020|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Guarino|first1=Ben |title=The oldest story ever told is painted on this cave wall, archaeologists report|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2019/12/11/oldest-story-ever-told-is-painted-this-cave-wall-archaeologists-report/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321191052/https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2019/12/11/oldest-story-ever-told-is-painted-this-cave-wall-archaeologists-report/|archive-date=21 March 2020|access-date=26 April 2020|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en}}</ref>

An elaborate 4.5 m long [[Prehistoric Indonesia#Rock art|rock art]] panel in a limestone cave at Leang Bulu' in [[Sulawesi]] is currently considered the earliest figurative artwork in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aubert|first1=Maxime|last2=Lebe|first2=Rustan|last3=Oktaviana|first3=Adhi Agus|last4=Tang|first4=Muhammad|last5=Burhan|first5=Basran|last6=Hamrullah|last7=Jusdi|first7=Andi|last8=Abdullah|last9=Hakim|first9=Budianto|last10=Zhao|first10=Jian-xin|last11=Geria|first11=I. Made|date=11 December 2019|title=Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y|journal=Nature|volume=576|issue=7787|pages=442–445|doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y|pmid=31827284|bibcode=2019Natur.576..442A|s2cid=209311825|issn=0028-0836|access-date=3 October 2021|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110033850/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1806-y|url-status=live}}</ref> It portrays several figures hunting wild pigs and dwarf bovids. This rock art was dated to at least 43,900 years ago on the basis of uranium-series analysis of overlying [[speleothem]]s. A painted hand stencil from Leang Timpuseng, which has a minimum age of 39,900 years, is now the oldest known hand stencil in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aubert|first1=M.|last2=Brumm|first2=A.|last3=Ramli|first3=M.|last4=Sutikna|first4=T.|last5=Saptomo|first5=E. W.|last6=Hakim|first6=B.|last7=Morwood|first7=M. J.|last8=van den Bergh|first8=G. D.|last9=Kinsley|first9=L.|last10=Dosseto|first10=A.|date=2014|title=Pleistocene cave art from Sulawesi, Indonesia|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13422|journal=Nature|volume=514|issue=7521|pages=223–227|doi=10.1038/nature13422|pmid=25297435|bibcode=2014Natur.514..223A|s2cid=2725838|issn=0028-0836|access-date=3 October 2021|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110033851/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13422|url-status=live}}</ref> Discoveries in 2021 revealed that another cave, Leang Tedongnge, has cave art with a minimum age of 45,500 years old, which makes it the earliest known representational work of art in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brumm |first1=Adam |last2=Oktaviana |first2=Adhi Agus |last3=Burhan |first3=Basran |last4=Hakim |first4=Budianto |last5=Lebe |first5=Rustan |last6=Zhao |first6=Jian-xin |last7=Sulistyarto |first7=Priyatno Hadi |last8=Ririmasse |first8=Marlon |last9=Adhityatama |first9=Shinatria |last10=Sumantri |first10=Iwan |last11=Aubert |first11=Maxime |date=2021-01-15 |title=Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd4648 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=7806210 |pmid=33523879|bibcode=2021SciA....7.4648B}}</ref> On July 3, 2024, the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' published research findings indicating that the cave paintings which depict [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] figures interacting with a pig and measure {{convert|36|by|15|in|cm}} in [[Karampuang cave|Leang Karampuang]] are approximately 51,200 years old, establishing them as the oldest known paintings in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Oktaviana |first1=Adhi Agus |last2=Joannes-Boyau |first2=Renaud |last3=Hakim |first3=Budianto |last4=Burhan |first4=Basran |last5=Sardi |first5=Ratno |last6=Adhityatama |first6=Shinatria |last7=Hamrullah |last8=Sumantri |first8=Iwan |last9=Tang |first9=M. |last10=Lebe |first10=Rustan |last11=Ilyas |first11=Imran |last12=Abbas |first12=Abdullah |last13=Jusdi |first13=Andi |last14=Mahardian |first14=Dewangga Eka |last15=Noerwidi |first15=Sofwan |date=2024-07-03 |title=Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago |journal=Nature |volume=631 |issue=8022 |pages=814–818 |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07541-7 |issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free |pmid=38961284 |pmc=11269172 |bibcode=2024Natur.631..814O}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Garreth |date=2024-07-04 |title=Oldest example of figurative art found in Indonesian cave |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/07/04/oldest-example-of-figurative-art-found-in-indonesian-cave |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=The Art Newspaper}}</ref>

[[Austronesian people]] form the majority of the modern population. They may have arrived in Indonesia around 2000&nbsp;BCE and are thought to have originated in Taiwan.<ref>{{harvp|Taylor|2003|pp=5–7}}</ref> During this period, parts of Indonesia participated in the Maritime Jade Road, with outlets in [[Kalimantan]] which existed for 3,000 years between 2000 BCE to 1000 CE.<ref>Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</ref> [[Dong Son culture]] spread to Indonesia bringing with it techniques of [[Paddy field|wet-field rice cultivation]], ritual buffalo sacrifice, bronze casting, [[megalithic]] practises, and [[ikat]] weaving methods. Some of these practices remain in areas including the [[Batak (Indonesia)|Batak]] areas of Sumatra, [[Toraja]] in Sulawesi, and several islands in [[Nusa Tenggara]]. Early Indonesians were animists who honoured the spirits of the dead believing their souls or life force could still help the living.

[[File:Bali panorama.jpg|thumb|left|Example of [[Terrace (earthworks)|rice terraces]] in Indonesia]]

Ideal agricultural conditions, and the mastering of [[Paddy field|wet-field rice cultivation]] as early as the 8th century BCE,<ref>{{harvp|Taylor|2003|pp=8–9}}</ref><!--BCE is correct, not CE!--> allowed villages, towns, and small kingdoms to flourish by the 1st century CE. These kingdoms (little more than collections of villages subservient to petty chieftains) evolved with their own ethnic and tribal religions. Java's hot and even temperature, abundant rain and volcanic soil, was perfect for wet rice cultivation. Such agriculture required a well-organized society, in contrast to the society based on [[Upland rice|dry-field rice]], which is a much simpler form of cultivation that does not require an elaborate social structure to support it.

[[Buni culture]] clay pottery flourished in coastal northern [[West Java]] and [[Banten]] around 400 BCE to 100 CE.<ref name="Zahorka-2007">{{cite book| last = Zahorka| first = Herwig| publisher = Yayasan cipta Loka Caraka| title = The Sunda Kingdoms of West Java, From Tarumanagara to Pakuan Pajajaran with Royal Center of Bogor, Over 1000 Years of Propsperity and Glory| year = 2007}}</ref> The Buni culture was probably the predecessor of the [[Tarumanagara]] kingdom, one of the earliest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia, producing numerous inscriptions and marking the beginning of the historical period in Java.