Editing History of Burundi (section)

==Kingdom of Burundi (1680–1966)==
{{Further|Kingdom of Burundi}}

The origins of Burundi are known from a mix of [[oral tradition|oral history]] and [[archaeology]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Reid, Richard J. (Richard James)|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1091235649|title=A history of modern Africa : 1800 to the present|date=9 January 2020|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-38192-1|oclc=1091235649}}</ref>  There are two main founding legends for Burundi.  Both suggest that the nation was founded by a man named [[Cambarantama]].  The other version, more common in pre-colonial Burundi says that Cambarantama came from the southern state of Buha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burundi - Ethnic Conflict, Hutu-Tutsi, Colonization {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Burundi/History |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

The first evidence of the Burundian state is from 16th century where it emerged on the eastern foothills.  Over the following centuries it expanded, annexing smaller neighbours and competing with Rwanda.  Its greatest growth occurred under [[Ntare IV Rutaganzwa Rugamba]], who ruled the country from about 1796 to 1850 and saw the kingdom double in size.

The Kingdom of Burundi was characterized by a hierarchical political authority and tributary economic exchange.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=August 2000|title=Background Note: Burundi|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2821.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606133726/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2821.htm|archive-date=June 6, 2002|publisher=[[U.S. State Department]]}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The king, known as the ''[[King of Burundi|mwami]]'' headed a princely [[aristocracy]] (''[[ganwa]]'') which owned most of the land and required a tribute, or tax, from local farmers and herders.<ref name=":3" /> In the mid-18th century, this [[Tutsi]] royalty consolidated authority over land, production, and distribution with the development of the ''ubugabire''&mdash;a patron-client relationship in which the populace received royal protection in exchange for tribute and land tenure.<ref name=":3" />

=== European contact (1856)===
European explorers and missionaries made brief visits to the area as early as 1856,<ref name=":3" /> and they compared the organization of the kingdom of Burundi with that of the old Greek empire.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} It was not until 1899 that Burundi became a part of [[German East Africa]].<ref name=":3" />  Unlike the Rwandan monarchy, which decided to accept the German advances, the Burundian king [[Mwezi IV Gisabo of Burundi|Mwezi IV Gisabo]] opposed all European influence, refusing to wear European clothing and resisting the advance of European missionaries or administrators.

=== German East Africa (1899–1916) ===
{{Further|German East Africa}}

The Germans used armed force and succeeded in doing great damage, but did not destroy the king's power.  Eventually they backed one of the king's sons-in-law [[Maconco]] in a revolt against Gisabo.  Gisabo was eventually forced to concede and agreed to German [[suzerainty]].  The Germans then helped him suppress Maconco's revolt.  The smaller kingdoms along the western shore of [[Lake Victoria]] were also attached to Burundi.

Even after this the foreign presence was minimal and the kings continued to rule much as before. The Europeans did, however, bring devastating diseases affecting both people and animals.  Affecting the entire region, Burundi was especially hard hit.  A great famine hit in 1905, with others striking the entire [[Great Lakes (Africa)|Great Lakes]] region in 1914, 1923 and 1944. Between 1905 and 1914 half the population of the western plains region died.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbaNAcAgUL8C&pg=PA50|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781136049347|title=Hunger and Shame :Child Malnutrition and Poverty on Mount Kilimanjaro|first1=Mary|last1=Howard|first2=Ann V.|last2=Millard|date= 2012|page=50}}</ref>

===Belgian and United Nations governance (1916–1962) ===
{{Further|Ruanda-Urundi}}

In 1916 [[Belgium|Belgian]] troops conquered the area during the [[World War I|First World War]].<ref name=":3" /> In 1923, the [[League of Nations]] mandated to Belgium the territory of [[Ruanda-Urundi]], encompassing modern-day Rwanda and Burundi,<ref name=":3" /> the western kingdoms being assigned to [[Tanganyika (territory)|Tanganyika]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanganyika {{!}} historical state, Tanzania {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tanganyika |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The Belgians administered the territory through [[indirect rule]], building on the [[Tutsi]]-dominated [[Aristocracy|aristocratic]] hierarchy.<ref name=":3" />

Following the [[World War II|Second World War]], Ruanda-Urundi became a [[United Nations Trust Territory]] under Belgian administrative authority.<ref name=":3" /> The trust territory guidelines required that the trust territories be prepared for independence and majority rule but it wasn't until 10 November 1959 that Belgium committed itself to political reform and legalised the emergence of competing political parties.

On 20 January 1959, Burundi's ruler [[Mwambutsa IV Bangiriceng of Burundi|Mwami Mwambutsa IV]] requested Burundi's independence from Belgium and dissolution of the Ruanda-Urundi union.<ref name="wein7">{{cite book | last = Weinstein| first = Warren |author2=Robert Schrere | title = Political Conflict and Ethnic Strategies: A Case Study of Burundi| publisher=Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs | year = 1976| location = Syracuse University | isbn = 0-915984-20-2|page=7 }}</ref> In the following months, Burundian political parties began to advocate for the end of Belgian colonial rule and the separation of Rwanda and Burundi.<ref name="wein7" /> The first and largest of these political parties was the [[Union for National Progress]] (UPRONA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burundi - History {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Burundi/History |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> UPRONA was a multi-ethnic party led by Tutsi Prince [[Louis Rwagasore]] while the [[Christian Democratic Party (Burundi)|Christian Democratic Party]] (PDC) was supported by Belgium,<ref name=":3" /> which was being ruled by the [[Christian Social Party (Belgium, defunct)|Christian Social Party]], whose party leader, [[August de Schryver]], was Minister of the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi from 1959 until 1960.<ref>''afrika focus'' — Volume 28, Nr. 2, 2015 — pp. 156 -164, The murder of Burundi’s prime minister, Louis Rwagasore, Guy Poppe, http://www.afrikafocus.eu/file/96</ref>

Burundi's first [[Burundian legislative election, 1961|elections]] took place on 8 September 1961 and UPRONA won just over 80% of the electorate's votes. In the wake of the elections, on 13 October, the 29-year-old [[Prince Louis Rwagasore#Assassination|Prince Rwagasore was assassinated]], robbing Burundi of its most popular and well-known nationalist.<ref>[http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v7/v7i1a5.htm "Ethnicity and Burundi’s Refugees"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105110647/http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v7/v7i1a5.htm |date=2009-01-05 }}, ''African Studies Quarterly: The online journal for African Studies''. Retrieved 12 July 2008.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/bhistory.htm|title = East Africa Living Encyclopedia}}</ref> Historians have speculated over Belgium's role in Rwagasore's death and the two highest ranking Belgian colonial officials in Burundi ([[Jean-Paul Harroy]] and [[Roberto Régnier]]) were accused of involvement by Rwagasore's convicted murderer ([[Jean (Ioannis) Kageorgis|Jean Kageorgis]]).<ref name="afrikafocus.eu">''afrika focus''
 — Volume 28, Nr. 2, 2015 — pp. 156 -164, The murder of Burundi’s prime minister, Louis Rwagasore, Guy Poppe, http://www.afrikafocus.eu/file/96</ref> The day after Kageorgis' execution Burundi was granted independence.<ref name="afrikafocus.eu"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Ethnic Distribution of Leadership Positions<ref>Numbers from 1929-1967 are actual number of leadership positions held; subsequent numbers are percentages of the total. Ngaruko & Nkurunziza, 41</ref>
|-
!  ''Ethnic group''
!  1929
!  1933
!  1937
!  1945
!  1967
!  1987
!  1993
!  1997
!  2000a
!  2000b
!  End-2001
|-
!  ''Tutsi''
|  22
|  15
|  18
|  28
|  71
|  72%
|  32%
|  38%
|  89%
|  100%
|  47%
|-
!  ''Hutu''
|  20
|  6
|  2
|  0
|  18
|  28%
|  68%
|  62%
|  11%
|  0%
|  53%
|}