Editing Hissène Habré (section)

==Early life==
Habré was born in 1942 in [[Faya-Largeau]], northern Chad, then a [[French Equatorial Africa|colony of France]], into a family of [[shepherds]]. He was a member of the [[Anakaza tribe|Anakaza]] branch of the Daza [[Toubou people|Gourane]] ethnic group, which is itself a branch of the [[Toubou people|Toubou]] ethnic group.<ref>Sam C.
Nolutshungu, ''Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad'' (1996), page 110.</ref> After primary schooling, he obtained a post in the French colonial administration, where he impressed his superiors and gained a scholarship to study in France at the [[Institute of Higher International Studies]] in Paris. He completed a university degree in political science in Paris, and returned to Chad in 1971. He also obtained several other degrees and earned his Doctorate from the Institute. After a further brief period of government service as a deputy prefect,<ref name="Chad-CS">{{Cite book|url=https://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/ch/chadcountrystudy00coll/chadcountrystudy00coll.pdf|title=A Country Study: Chad|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|year=1990|editor-last=Collelo|editor-first=Thomas|edition=Second|orig-year=December 1988}}</ref> he visited [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] and joined the [[FROLINAT|National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT)]] where he became a commander in the Second Liberation Army of FROLINAT along with [[Goukouni Oueddei]]. After [[Abba Siddick]] assumed the leadership of FROLINAT, the Second Liberation Army, first under Oueddei's command and then under Habré's, split from FROLINAT and became the [[Command Council of the Armed Forces of the North]] (CCFAN). In 1976 Oueddei and Habré quarreled and Habré split his newly named [[Forces Armées du Nord|Armed Forces of the North (''Forces Armées du Nord'' or FAN)]] from Goukouni's followers who adopted the name of [[People's Armed Forces]] (''Forces Armées Populaires'' or FAP).<ref name=BuijtenhuijsA19>R. Buijtenhuijs, "Le FROLINAT à l'épreuve du pouvoir", p. 19</ref>

Habré first came to international attention when a group under his command attacked the town of [[Bardaï, Chad|Bardaï]] in [[Tibesti]], on 21 April 1974, and took three Europeans hostage, with the intention of ransoming them for money and arms. The captives were a German physician, [[Christophe Staewen|Christoph Staewen]] (whose wife Elfriede was killed in the attack), and two French citizens, [[Françoise Claustre]], an archeologist, and [[Marc Combe]], a development worker. Staewen was released on 11 June 1974 after significant payments by West German officials.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 July 1974|title=Entführung: Bedenkliches Zugeständnis aus Bonn: Diplomatische Beziehungen abgebrochen – Dr. Staewen berichtet über Gefangenschait im Tschad (Abduction: dubious sanction from Bonn: Diplomatic relations broken off – Dr. Staewen reported hostage in Chad)|newspaper=Das Ostpreußenblatt|page=5|url=http://archiv.preussische-allgemeine.de/1974/1974_07_06_27.pdf|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41696557.html |title=Deutscher Rebellen-Funk |date=17 June 1974 |work=Der Spiegel |language=de |access-date=3 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41443747.html |title=Zum Weinen |date=15 September 1975 |work=Der Spiegel |language=de |access-date=3 July 2012}}</ref> Combe escaped in 1975, but despite the intervention of the French Government, Claustre (whose husband was a senior French government official) was not released until 1 February 1977. Habré split with Oueddei, partly over this hostage-taking incident (which became known as the "Claustre affair" in France).<ref name="Chad-CS" />