Editing Hispaniola (section)

==Etymology==
The island was called various names by its native people, the [[Taíno people|Taíno]]. The Taino had no written language, hence, historical evidence for these names comes through three European historians: the Italian [[Peter Martyr d'Anghiera]], and the Spaniards [[Bartolomé de las Casas]] and [[Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés|Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo]]. Based on a comprehensive survey and map prepared by Andrés de Morales in 1508, Martyr reported that the island as a whole was called ''Quizquella'' (or ''Quisqueya''). ''Ayiti'' (meaning high or mountainous land) was exclusively used to refer to rugged mountainous regions on the island, not the entire island. [[Diego Álvarez Chanca]], a physician on Columbus's second voyage, also noted that "Ayiti" or ''Haïti'' was the easternmost province of the island, a mountainous area in the Dominican Republic called "''Los Haitises''" national park. On the other hand, Bartolome de Las Casas recorded that the entire island was called ''Babeque or Bohio'' by the Taíno. 

When Columbus took possession of the island in 1492, he named it ''Insula [[Hispania|Hispana]]'' in Latin<ref>"Quam protinus Hispanam dixi": [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/columbus.html Epistola De Insulis Nuper Repertis] (Letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez, March 14, 1493).</ref> and ''La Isla Española'' in Spanish,<ref name=McIntosh>{{cite book |title=The Piri Reis Map of 1513 |first=Gregory C |last=McIntosh |publisher=[[University of Georgia Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8203-2157-8 |page=88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgRXuOWah7MC&q=Hispaniola+Espa%C3%B1ola&pg=PA88}}</ref> both meaning "the Spanish island". Las Casas shortened the name to ''Española'', and when Peter Martyr detailed his account of the island in Latin, he rendered its name as ''Hispaniola''.<ref name=McIntosh/>

Due to Taíno, Spanish and French influences on the island, historically the whole island was often referred to as [[Captaincy General of Santo Domingo|''Santo Domingo'']], ''Quisquella,'' ''Haïti'', ''Hayti'', or ''[[Saint-Domingue]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schwartz |first=Albert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hL2JlqVLuP4C&q=names+of+hispaniola&pg=PA10 |title=The Butterflies of Hispaniola |page=10 |year=1989 |publisher=University of Florida Press |isbn=978-0-8130-0902-5 |access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref> Martyr's literary work was translated into English and French soon after being written, the name Hispaniola became the most frequently used term in English-speaking countries for the island in scientific and cartographic works. In 1918, the United States occupation government, led by [[Harry Shepard Knapp]], obliged the use of the name Hispaniola on the island, and recommended the use of that name to the [[National Geographic Society]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Castillo Pantaleón|first1=Juan Miguel|title=La Nacionalidad Dominicana|date=2012|publisher=Editora Nacional, Ministerio de Cultura|location=Santo Domingo|isbn=978-9945-469-97-4|page=329|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UcJBAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA328|access-date=15 June 2015 |language=es}}</ref>

The name ''Haïti'' was adopted by Haitian revolutionary [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] in 1804, as the official name of the independent Saint-Domingue, in tribute to the Amerindian predecessors (although written records of early Spanish interactions with the Taínos established that the natives referred to the island as either ''Babeque'' or ''Bohio''). It was also briefly adopted as the official name of independent Santo Domingo, as the [[Republic of Spanish Haiti]], a state that existed from November 1821 until its annexation by [[Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)|Haiti]] in February 1822.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=conflict_haiti_dominican|title=The Conflict Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic|last=Lancer|first=Jalisco|website=allempires.com|access-date=2018-11-13}}</ref><ref name="flag">{{cite web | title = Haiti – Historical Flags | work = Flags of the World | url = http://www.flag.de/FOTW/flags/ht-hist.html#span | access-date = 2007-12-24 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050505041710/http://www.flag.de/FOTW/flags/ht-hist.html#span | archive-date = May 5, 2005 | df = mdy-all}}</ref>