Editing Hiberno-English (section)

==History==
[[File:Linguistic state of Ireland 1550-1700.png|thumb|257x257px|A rough estimate linguistic Map of Ireland 1550–1700. Highlighted in colour.]]
Middle English, as well as a small elite that spoke [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]], was brought to Ireland as a result of the [[Norman invasion of Ireland|Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland]] in the late 12th century. The remnants of which survived as the [[Yola language]] and [[Fingallian]] dialects, which is not mutually comprehensible with Modern English. A second wave of the English language was brought to Ireland in the 16th-century [[Elizabethan]] [[Early Modern period]], making that variety of English spoken in Ireland the oldest outside of [[Great Britain]]. It remains more conservative today than many other dialects of English in terms of phonology and vocabulary.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/stream/englishaswespeak00joycuoft/englishaswespeak00joycuoft_djvu.txt|title=English as we speak it in Ireland |author-link=Patrick Weston Joyce |first=P. W. |last=Joyce |location=London |publisher=Longmans, Green |date=1910 |chapter=1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/englishaswespeak00joycuoft/page/5 6]}}</ref><ref name="Christiansen">{{cite web |url= http://thos.english.unaux.com/Hiberno.pdf?i=1 |title=English in Ireland and Irish in English – Hiberno-English as Exemplar of World English |first=Thomas |last=Christiansen |page=3 |access-date=1 December 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211020193241/http://thos.english.unaux.com/Hiberno.pdf?i=1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Initially during the [[History of Ireland (1169–1536)|Anglo-Norman period]] in Ireland, English was mainly spoken in an area known as [[the Pale]] around [[Dublin]], with largely the [[Irish language]] spoken throughout the rest of the country. Some small pockets of speakers remained, who predominantly continued to use the [[Middle English|English of that time]]. Because of their sheer isolation, these dialects developed into later, now-extinct, [[Anglic language|English-related varieties]], known as [[Yola language|Yola]] in [[County Wexford|Wexford]] and [[Fingallian]] in [[Fingal]], Dublin. These were no longer mutually intelligible with other English varieties. By the [[Tudor period]], Irish culture and language had regained most of the territory lost to the invaders: even in the Pale, "all the common folk… for the most part are of Irish birth, Irish habit, and of Irish language".<ref name="multitext.ucc.ie">{{cite web |url= http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Culture__Religion_in_Tudor_Ireland_1494-1558 |title=Culture and Religion in Tudor Ireland 1494–1558 |publisher=University College Cork |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080416173828/http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Culture__Religion_in_Tudor_Ireland_1494-1558 |archive-date=16 April 2008}}</ref>

[[Tudor conquest of Ireland|The Tudor conquest]] and [[Plantations of Ireland|colonisation of Ireland in the 16th century]] led to a second wave of immigration by English speakers, along with the forced suppression and decline in the status and use of the Irish language. By the mid-19th century, English had become the majority language spoken in the country.{{Refn |group=lower-alpha |According to the 1841 census, Ireland had 8,175,124 inhabitants, of whom four million spoke [[Irish language|Irish]].<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=O'Beirne Ranelagh |title=A Short History of Ireland |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1994 |page=118 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xfx0VGIXiPYC&pg=PA118 |isbn=9780521469449}}</ref>}} It has retained this status to the present day, with even those whose first language is Irish being fluent in English as well. Today, there is little more than one per cent of the population who speaks the Irish language natively,<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Hickey|2007a|p=121}}</ref> though it is required to be taught in all state-funded schools. Of the 40% of the population who self-identified as speaking some Irish in 2016, 4% speak Irish daily outside the education system.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp10esil/p10esil/ilg/ |title=Irish Language and the Gaeltacht |publisher=Central Statistics Office |website=CSO.ie |access-date=29 December 2019 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201208225214/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp10esil/p10esil/ilg/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

A German traveller, Ludolf von Münchhausen, visited the Pale in Dublin in 1591. He says of the pale in regards to the language spoken there: "Little Irish is spoken; there are even some people here who cannot speak Irish at all".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/T100083/ | title=A German visitor to Monaincha in 1591 }}</ref> He may be mistaken, but if this account is true, the language of Dublin in the 1590s was English, not Irish.
And yet again, Albert Jouvin travelled to Ireland in 1668; he says of the pale and the east coast, "In the inland parts of Ireland, they speak a particular language, but in the greatest part of the towns and villages on the sea coast, only English is spoken".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/T100075/ | title=Description of England and Ireland under the Restoration }}</ref> 'A Tour of Ireland in 1775', by [[Richard Twiss (writer)|Richard Twiss]] says of the language spoken in Dublin "as at present almost all the peasants speak the English language, they converse with as much propriety as any persons of their class in England."<ref>https://www.exclassics.com/twiss/twiss.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref>

In [[On Early English Pronunciation, Part V]], an early dialect study on English, [[Alexander John Ellis]] included some samples of Hiberno-English dialect from the Forth and Bargy baronies in County Wexford.<ref>{{cite book|title=On early English pronunciation: with especial reference to Shakspere and Chaucer, containing an investigation of the correspondence of writing with speech in England from the Anglosaxon period to the present day means of the ordinary printing types |last=Ellis|first=Alexander John|date=1889|publisher=Truebner & Co|location=London|page=1|url=https://archive.org/details/onearlyenglishpr00elliuoft/page/n109/mode/2up?q=wexford}}</ref> Writing in the late 19th century, Ellis seems to have been unaware that English had been spoken in parts of Ireland, especially in Ulster, for centuries.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Aveyard |first=Edward |year=2022 |title=What is Dialect? |journal=Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society |volume=23 |issue=122 |pages=29 }}</ref>