Editing Heraclea Pontica (section)

== History ==
Heraclea Pontica was [[Colonies in antiquity#Relations of colony and metropolis|founded by]] the Greek city-state of [[Megara]]<ref>For report of Boeotian involvement see [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus%2e+5%2e26%2e7 Pausanias 5.26.7]</ref> in approximately 560–558 BC and was named after [[Heracles]] who the Greeks believed [[Katabasis|entered the underworld]] at a cave on the adjoining Archerusian cape.

The colonists soon subjugated the native [[Mariandyni]]ans{{sfn|Hogarth|1911}} but agreed to terms that none of the latter, now [[Helots|helot]]-like serfs, be sold into slavery outside their homeland. Prospering from the rich, fertile adjacent lands and the sea-fisheries of its natural harbor, Heraclea soon extended its control along the coast as far east as Cytorus (Gideros, near [[Cide]]), eventually establishing Black Sea colonies of its own ([[Cytorus (ancient settlement)|Cytorus]], [[Callatis]] and [[Chersonesos Taurica|Chersonesus]]). It was the birthplace of the philosopher [[Heraclides Ponticus]].

The prosperity of the city, rudely shaken by the [[Galatia]]ns and the [[Bithynia]]ns, was utterly destroyed in the [[Mithridatic Wars]].{{sfn|Hogarth|1911}}

The Greek historical author [[Memnon of Heraclea]] (fl. 1st century AD) wrote a local history of Heraclea Pontica in at least sixteen books. The work has perished, but [[Photios I of Constantinople|Photius]]'s ''Bibliotheca'' preserves a compressed account of books 9–16, seemingly the only ones extant in his day. These books run from the rule of the tyrant [[Clearchus of Heraclea|Clearchus]] (c. 364–353 BC) to the later years of [[Julius Caesar]] (c. 40 BC) and contain many colorful accounts including the Bithynian introduction of the barbarian [[Gauls]] into Asia where they first allied themselves with the Heracleans and later turned violently against them.

Then, Heraclea Pontica was part of the (Eastern) Roman Empire for more than 1000 years. The Turks ravaged the area after the [[Battle of Mantzikert]] in 1071. [[David Komnenos]], brother of the ruler of Trebizond [[Alexios I of Trebizond]], took Heraclea Pontica in 1205 and made it capital of his domain, called Paphlagonia; he lost it in 1214 to Theodore I Laskaris, who made it a major frontier bulwark. The Genoese had a colony there after 1261. When the Turks conquered Paphlagonia in 1360, Genoa bought the city from the weakening Byzantine Empire. Heraclea developed as a trading centre of the Genoese, who settled there in large numbers. A ruined citadel on a height overlooking the town is a remnant of this period. The Italian name of the city was Pontarachia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Genoese portolan nautical chart. The oldest original cartographic artifact in the Library of Congress. Second quarter of the 14th century.|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Mediterranean_chart_fourteenth_century2.jpg}}</ref> The Genoese held the city until the Ottomans captured it after 1453.<ref>Kazhdan, Alexander P. - The [[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]] - Volume 2 (1991, Oxford University Press), entry "Herakleia Pontike"</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Encyclopedia Britannica - entry 'Ereğli'|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Eregli-Zonguldak-province-Turkey}}</ref>