Editing Henry Benedict Stuart (section)

==Early life==
[[File:Henry Benedict Maria Clement Stuart, Cardinal York by Louis Gabriel Blanchet.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Henry Benedict Stuart, age 13, by Louis Gabriel Blanchet (1738)]]

Henry was born in exile at the [[Palazzo Muti]] in Rome on 6 March 1725 and baptised on the same day by [[Pope Benedict XIII]],<ref name=Tribe>{{Cite web|title=Vestments of the Cardinal Duke of York: Henry Benedict Stuart |website=Liturgical Arts Journal |date=2018-06-22 |url=http://www.liturgicalartsjournal.com/2018/06/vestments-of-cardinal-duke-of-york.html |access-date=2022-07-01|first=Shawn|last=Tribe}}</ref> 37 years after his grandfather [[James II of England|James II and VII]] lost the thrones, and ten years after his father's [[Jacobite rising of 1715|failed attempt]] to regain it. His father was [[James Francis Edward Stuart]], known to his opponents as "the Old Pretender". His mother was the Princess [[Maria Klementyna Sobieska]], granddaughter of the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish]] King and [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuanian]] Grand-Duke, [[John III Sobieski]]. Henry was apparently an intelligent child who could spell and write better than his older brother Charles. More introverted than Charles and more cautious in his approach to problems, Henry was described as pious and mild-mannered.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica 2022">{{cite web | title=Henry Stuart, cardinal duke of York | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=2022-03-02 | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Stuart-cardinal-duke-of-York | access-date=2022-07-01}}</ref>
{{stack|[[File:Henry Benedict Maria Clement Stuart, Cardinal York by Antonio David.jpg|right|thumb|150px|A young Henry Benedict Stuart (painted ca. 1729–1732), bearing a striking resemblance to his elder brother [[Charles Edward Stuart]]]]}}

Henry went to France in 1745 to help his brother, Prince [[Charles Edward Stuart]] ("Bonnie Prince Charlie", or "the Young Pretender") prepare the [[Jacobite rising of 1745]]. Attached to the [[French Royal Army]], he was in nominal command of a cross-channel invasion force of some 10,000 men that never made it out of [[Dunkirk]], and subsequently served under [[Maurice de Saxe]] at the siege of Antwerp. After the defeat at the [[Battle of Culloden]] (1746), Henry Stuart returned to Italy, aged 21.