Editing Hendrik Lorentz (section)

==Early life and education==
Hendrik Lorentz was born in [[Arnhem]], [[Gelderland]], [[Netherlands]], the son of Gerrit Frederik Lorentz (1822–1893), a well-off horticulturist, and Geertruida van Ginkel (1826–1861). In 1862, after his mother's death, his father married Luberta Hupkes. Despite being raised as a Protestant, he was a [[Freethought|freethinker]] in religious matters and regularly attended Catholic mass in his local French church.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz.aspx |publisher=Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography |access-date=25 April 2012 |author=Russell McCormmach |quote=Although he grew up in Protestant circles, he was a freethinker in religious matters; he regularly attended the local French church to improve his French.}}</ref> From 1866 to 1869, he attended the "''[[Hogere Burgerschool]]''" in Arnhem, a new type of public high school recently established by [[Johan Rudolph Thorbecke]]. His results in school were exemplary; not only did he excel in the physical sciences and mathematics, but also in English, French, and German. In 1870, he passed the exams in [[classical languages]] which were then required for admission to University.<ref name="NtvN2011">{{cite journal |first=Anne J. |last=Kox |title=Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (in Dutch) |journal=Nederlands Tijdschirft voor Natuurkunde |volume=77 |issue=12 |page=441 |year=2011}}</ref>

Lorentz studied [[physics]] and [[mathematics]] at [[Leiden University]], where he was strongly influenced by the teaching of astronomy professor [[Frederik Kaiser]]; it was his influence that led him to become a physicist. After earning a [[bachelor's degree]], he returned to Arnhem in 1871 to teach night school classes in mathematics, but he continued his studies in [[Leiden]] in addition to his teaching position. In 1875, Lorentz earned a [[doctoral degree]] under [[Pieter Rijke]] on a thesis entitled "''{{lang|nl|Over de theorie der terugkaatsing en breking van het licht}}''" (On the theory of reflection and refraction of light), in which he refined the electromagnetic theory of [[James Clerk Maxwell]].<ref name="NtvN2011"/><ref>{{cite web |author=Hendrik Lorentz |url=http://ilorentz.org/history/proefschriften/sources/Lorentz_1875.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://ilorentz.org/history/proefschriften/sources/Lorentz_1875.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Over de theorie der terugkaatsing en breking van het licht |year=1875}}</ref>