Editing Heinrich Ewald (section)

==Life==
Ewald was born at [[Göttingen]] where his father was a linen weaver. In 1815 he was sent to the [[gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]], and in 1820 he entered the [[University of Göttingen]], where he studied with [[Johann Gottfried Eichhorn|J.G. Eichhorn]] and [[T. C. Tychsen]], specialising in oriental languages. At the close of his academic studies in 1823 he was appointed to a mastership in the gymnasium at [[Wolfenbüttel]], and made a study of the oriental manuscripts in the Wolfenbüttel library. But in the spring of 1824 he was recalled to [[university of Göttingen|Göttingen]] as theological tutor ({{langx|de|Repetent}}), and in 1827 (the year of Eichhorn's death) he became professor extraordinarius in philosophy and lecturer in [[Old Testament]] [[exegesis]].<ref name=EB1911/> In 1830, Ewald married {{ill|Wilhelmine Gauss|de|Minna Ewald}} (1808–1840), the daughter of mathematician [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]].<ref name="gauss">{{cite book |last1=Dunnington |first1=G. Waldo |author1-link=G. Waldo Dunnington |title=Gauss: Titan of Science |date=1955 |publisher=Hafner Publishing |location=New York |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|145}} Of all of Gauss's children, Wilhelmina was said to have come closest to her father's talent,{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} but she died in 1840.<ref name="gauss"/>{{rp|206}} In 1831 Heinrich Ewald was promoted to professor ordinarius in [[philosophy]]; in 1833 he became a member of the Royal Scientific Society, and in 1835, after Tychsen's death, he entered the faculty of [[theology]], taking the chair of Oriental languages.<ref name=EB1911/>

Two years later occurred the first important episode in Ewald's studious life. In 1837, on 18 November, along with [[Göttingen Seven|six of his colleagues]] he signed a formal protest against the action of King [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Ernst August]] in abolishing the liberal constitution of 1833, which had been granted to the [[House of Hanover]] by his predecessor [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]]. This procedure of the seven professors led to their expulsion from the university (14 December). Early in 1838 Ewald received a call to [[university of Tübingen|Tübingen]], and there for upwards of ten years he held a chair as professor ordinarius, first in [[philosophy]] and afterwards, from 1841, in theology. To this period belong some of his most important works, and also the commencement of his bitter feud with [[Ferdinand Christian Baur|F.C. Baur]] and the Tübingen school. In 1847, "the great shipwreck-year in Germany," as he has called it, he was invited back to Göttingen on honourable terms—the liberal constitution having been restored. He accepted the invitation.<ref name=EB1911/>

In 1845, Ewald remarried, this time to Auguste Schleiermacher (1822–1897); the couple had a daughter in 1850 who was named Caroline Therese Wilhelmine.<ref name="gauss"/>{{rp|265}}

In 1862-1863 Ewald took an active part in a movement for reform within the Hanoverian Church, and he was a member of the [[synod]] which passed the new constitution. He had an important share also in the formation of the ''[[Protestantenverein]]'', or Protestant association, in September 1863. But the chief crisis in his life arose out of the [[Austro-Prussian War]] of 1866. His loyalty to King [[George V of Hanover]] (son of Ernst August) would not permit him to take the oath of allegiance to the victorious King [[William I, German Emperor|William I of Prussia]], and he was therefore placed on the retired list, though with the full amount of his salary as [[pension]].<ref name=EB1911/>

This degree of severity might have been held by the Prussian authorities to be unnecessary, had Ewald been less hostile in his language. The violent tone of some of his printed manifestoes about this time, especially of his ''Lob des Königs u. des Volkes'', led to his being deprived of the ''venia legendi'' (1868) and also to a criminal trial, which, however, resulted in his acquittal (May 1869). Then, and on two subsequent occasions, he was returned by the city of Hanover as a member of the North German and German parliaments. In June 1874 he was found guilty of a libel on [[Otto von Bismarck]], whom he had compared to [[Frederick II of Prussia|Frederick the Great]] in "his unrighteous war with Austria and his ruination of religion and morality," to [[Napoleon III]] in his way of "picking out the best time possible for robbery and plunder." For this offence he was sentenced to undergo three weeks' imprisonment. He died in Göttingen in his 72nd year, of heart disease.<ref name=EB1911/>