Editing Heinosuke Gosho (section)

==Life==
Gosho was born on January 24, 1902, in [[Kanda, Tokyo|Kanda]], [[Tokyo]], to merchant Heisuke Gosho and his father's [[geisha]] mistress. At the age of five, after Heisuke's eldest son died, Gosho left his mother to be the successor to his father's [[Wholesaling|wholesale]] business. He studied business at [[Keio University]], graduating in 1923.<ref name="kinenote" />

Through his father's close relation to film director [[Yasujirō Shimazu]], Gosho was able to join the [[Shochiku]] film studios and worked as assistant director to Shimazu.<ref name="kinenote" /> In 1925, Gosho debuted as a director<ref name="Anderson-Richie" /> with the film ''Nantō no haru''.<ref name="kinenote" /> His films of the 1920s are nowadays regarded as lost.<ref name="Jacoby" /> 

Gosho's first notable success, and Japan's first [[Feature film|feature length]] sound film, was the 1931 comedy ''The Neighbor's Wife and Mine'' about a writer distracted by a noisy next-door jazz band. Naming [[Ernst Lubitsch]]'s ''[[The Marriage Circle]]'' and [[Charles Chaplin]]'s ''[[A Woman of Paris]]'' as the greatest foreign influences, Gosho's work oscillated between comedy and drama, sometimes mixing the two, which earned his films the reputation of making the viewer "laugh and cry at the same time".<ref name="Anderson-Richie" /> Other Gosho trademarks were his fast [[Film editing|editing]] style and his repeated relying on literary sources, such as the works of [[Yūzō Yamamoto]] and [[Ichiyō Higuchi]].<ref name="Jacoby" /><ref name="Richie">{{cite book |last=Richie |first=Donald |date=2005 |title=A Hundred Years of Japanese Film |location=Tokyo, New York, London |publisher=Kodansha International |isbn=978-4-7700-2995-9 |edition=Revised }}</ref> Together with [[Shirō Toyoda]], Gosho was one of the first directors to adapt the works of the ''junbungaku'' ("pure literature") movement for the screen, which opposed "popular" literature in favour of "serious" literature and a more complex handling of its subjects. A prominent example is ''[[The Dancing Girl of Izu (1933 film)|The Dancing Girl of Izu]]'' (1933), a successful adaptation of [[Yasunari Kawabata]]'s story of the same name, about the unfulfilled love between a student and a young country woman.<ref name="Nolletti">{{cite book|last1=Nolletti Jr. |first1=Arthur |date=2008 |title=The Cinema of Gosho Heinosuke: Laughter through Tears |location=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University Press |pages=214–225 |isbn=978-0-253-34484-7}}</ref><ref name="Cazdyn">{{cite book |last=Cazdyn |first=Eric |date=2002 |title=The Flash of Capital: Film and Geopolitics in Japan |location=Durham |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-2939-8}}</ref> Of his 36 1930s films, only slightly more than a half-dozen are extant.<ref name="Nolletti" />

A firm believer in humanism, Gosho tried to reduce militarist content in his [[Pacific War|wartime]] films, and showed solidarity with dismissed co-workers during the [[Toho]] studios strike of 1948.<ref name="Anderson-Richie"/> In 1950 he started the independent production company Studio Eight together with Shirō Toyoda and other former studio employees. Studio Eight's first production was Gosho's 1951 drama ''Dispersed Clouds'' about an unhappy young woman from Tokyo finding fulfilment as assistant of a country doctor.<ref name="Hirano">{{cite book |last=Hirano |first=Kyoko |date=1992 |title=Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo: Japanese Cinema Under the American Occupation, 1945–1952 |location=Washington and London |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=1-56098-157-1}}</ref> His best-known works of this era are the [[Social realism|social realist]] marriage drama ''[[Where Chimneys Are Seen]]'' (1953), which was shown in competition at the [[Berlin International Film Festival]],<ref name="Berlinale 1953">{{cite web|url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/1953/02_programm_1953/02_programm_1953.html|title=Programme of the 1953 Berlin International Film Festival|language=en|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> and ''[[Yellow Crow]]'' (1957), the portrait of a troubled father-son-relationship, which received the [[Golden Globe Award]] for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]].<ref name="Golden Globe 1958">{{cite web|url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/film/kiiroi-karasu-yellow-crow|title=Entry for ''Yellow Crow'' at the Golden Globe Awards official site|language=en|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> Although his films grew darker in tone by the mid-1950s, evident in works like ''[[An Inn at Osaka]]'', about a group of [[Osaka]] residents struggling with an unrestrained materialistic environment, he stayed true to his ideals of "tolerance, compromise and rationality".<ref name="Jacoby" />

Gosho was also one of the first major Japanese directors to work extensively for [[television]] as a writer.<ref name="Anderson-Richie" /> Due to the rapid changes in the film industry at the time, Gosho's work in the 1960s alternated mostly between melodrama and shomin-geki, sometimes not exceeding well-made commercial entertainment.<ref name="Nolletti" /> Notable films of this era are ''[[Hunting Rifle (film)|Hunting Rifle]]'' (1961), based on [[Yasushi Inoue]]'s novella about an adulterous couple, ''[[An Innocent Witch]]'' (1965), the account of a young prostitute falling victim to superstition, and ''Rebellion of Japan'' (1967), a love story set against the backdrop of the [[February 26 Incident]].<ref name="Nolletti" /><ref name="Anderson-Richie"/><ref name="Jacoby" /> His last feature-length directorial effort was the puppet film ''Meiji haru aki'' (1968). 

Between 1964 and 1980, Gosho served as president of the [[Directors Guild of Japan]].<ref name="Directors Guild of Japan">{{cite web|url=http://www.dgj.or.jp/english/|title=Directors Guild of Japan Official site|language=en|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="Nenpyo">{{cite web|url=http://www.dgj.or.jp/about_g/chronology.html|title=Nihon eiga kantoku kyōkai nenpyō|publisher=Nihon eiga kantoku kyōkai|language=ja|access-date=17 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726084327/http://www.dgj.or.jp/about_g/chronology.html|archive-date=26 July 2010}}</ref> Although having repeatedly worked with internationally known actresses and actors like [[Kinuyo Tanaka]], few of his films have been seen in the West. In 1989–1990, a retrospective of his work was held by the [[Japan Society (Manhattan)|Japan Society]] and the [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York.<ref name="Nolletti" />

Gosho also wrote [[haiku]] poems and served as director of the Japanese Haiku Art Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/film-and-television-biographies/heinosuke-gosho |title=Gosho, Heinosuke |publisher=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref>