Editing Hawaii (island) (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Hawaii|Hawaii#History|Ancient Hawaii}}
Hawai{{okina}}i is allegedly named after [[Hawai{{okina}}iloa]], a legendary [[Polynesian navigator]] who is said to have discovered the island. Other accounts attribute the name to the legendary realm of [[Hawaiki]], a place from which some Polynesians are said to have originated, the place where they transition to in the afterlife, or the realm of the gods and goddesses. The indigenous Hawaiian name of the island was originally rendered and published as "Owyhee" or "Owhyhee".

It is uncertain when Hawai{{okina}}i was first discovered by humans. Early archaeological studies suggested that Polynesian explorers from the [[Marquesas Islands]] or [[Society Islands]] may have arrived in the Hawaiian islands as early as the 3rd century CE,<ref>Van, James (2010). ''Ancient Sites of Oahu: A Guide to Archaeological Places of Interest''. Bishop Museum Pr. Page 5. {{ISBN|978-1581780956}}.</ref> possibly with a second wave arriving from Tahiti around 1100 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buck |first=Peter H. |title=Vikings of the Sunrise |publisher=Frederick A. Stokes Company |year=1938 |location=New York |pages=257–259}}</ref> However, more recent analyses suggest that the first settlers arrived around 900–1200 CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kirch |first=Patrick |title=When did the Polynesians Settle Hawaii? A review of 150 years of scholarly inquiry. |url=https://hdl.handle.net/10524/74851 |journal=Hawaiian Archaeology |volume=12 |pages=3–27 |date=2011|hdl=10524/74851 }}</ref>

[[File:Ahu A Umi Heiau.jpg|thumb|300px|The Ahu-a-{{okina}}Umi [[Heiau]], built for {{okina}}Umi-a-Līloa in the [[Kona District, Hawaii|Kona District]]]]

Oral tradition holds one of the most famous ''ali{{okina}}inui'' of Hawai{{okina}}i to be [[{{okina}}Umi-a-Līloa]], who united the island by force.<ref name="Ward2001">{{cite book|author=Greg Ward|title=Hawaii|url=https://archive.org/details/hawaii00ward|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-85828-738-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hawaii00ward/page/223 223]–}}</ref> He was the illegitimate son of [[Līloa]], ali{{okina}}inui of Hawai{{okina}}i who ruled from [[Waipio Valley|Waipi{{okina}}o Valley]] in the [[Hamakua|Hāmākua]] district. When Līloa died, the island passed to {{okina}}Umi's half-brother Hakau. However, {{okina}}Umi attacked and killed Hakau along with the ''ali{{okina}}i (nobles)'' who served him, winning control of Hāmākua. He then proceeded to conquer the rebelling districts of [[Hilo District|Hilo]], [[Puna, Hawaii|Puna]], [[Kau, Hawaii|Ka{{okina}}ū]], and [[Kona District, Hawaii|Kona]]. He placed the seat of his new government in [[Kailua-Kona|Kailua]] in the Kona district.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kamakau |first=Samuel M. |title=Ruling chiefs of Hawaii |edition=Revised |publisher=Kamehameha Schools Press |location=Honolulu |date=1992 |isbn=0-87336-014-1 |pages=1–21 }}</ref>

[[File:Governor Kuakini visiting the Wilhelmina and Maria at Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii.jpg|thumb|300px|Hawaiian and European ships in [[Kealakekua Bay]] in 1829]]

In 1779, [[Captain James Cook]] made his second voyage to the Hawaiian islands, anchoring in [[Kealakekua Bay]] on the island of Hawai{{okina}}i. He spent several weeks there, meeting and trading with locals and readying his ships for a planned trip to the Arctic. The Hawaiians received him hospitably, considering him to be an incarnation of the god [[Lono]]. Early in 1780, Cook departed. However, his ships were damaged in a storm immediately after setting sail, and he was forced to return to Kealakekua after only a week at sea. During this second anchoring, an altercation between the Europeans and the Hawaiians turned violent, resulting in the death of multiple people on both sides, including Cook himself. Peaceful relations were eventually restored with the crew of his ships, who departed for good later that month.<ref name="kuykendall" />{{rp|p=15–20}}

In 1780 CE, the island of Hawaii{{okina}}i was controlled by the ''ali{{okina}}inui'' [[Kalani{{okina}}ōpu{{okina}}u]], a descendant of {{okina}}Umi-a-Līloa. On his death in 1782, he designated his son [[Kīwala{{okina}}ō]] as his heir. However, a feud between Kīwala{{okina}}ō and Kalani{{okina}}ōpu{{okina}}u's nephew [[Kamehameha I|Pai{{okina}}ea Kamehameha]] soon escalated into a civil war. Kīwala{{okina}}ō was killed in the [[Battle of Moku{{okina}}ōhai]] later that same year, leaving control of the island divided between Kamehameha in the west, Kīwala{{okina}}ō's uncle and advisor [[Keawema{{okina}}uhili]] in the northeast, and Kīwala{{okina}}ō's half-brother [[Keōua Kū{{okina}}ahu{{okina}}ula]] in the south. The three chiefs, aided by Western ships and weapons, fought to a standstill for eight years until 1790, when Keōua defeated and killed Keawema{{okina}}uhili. In 1791 Kamehameha's men killed Keōua at a diplomatic meeting, leaving control of Hawai{{okina}}i to Kamehameha.<ref name="kuykendall">{{Cite book |last=Kuykendall |first=Ralph S. |title=The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778-1854 Vol 1 Foundation and Transformation |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1938 |location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-4322-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkXREAAAQBAJ&q=the+hawaiian+kingdom}}</ref>{{rp|p=32–38}}

Kamehameha went on to [[Unification of Hawaii|conquer the rest of the Hawaiian islands]], consolidating his control in 1810 with the peaceful surrender of [[Kaumuali{{okina}}i]], king of Kauai.<ref name="kuykendall" />{{rp|p=47-60}} He gave his new kingdom, and by extension the island chain itself, the name of his native island – the [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Homans|first1=Margaret|last2=Munich|first2=Adrienne|title=Remaking Queen Victoria|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57485-3|page=147|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PijIVySza7cC|date=2 October 1997|access-date=31 July 2023|archive-date=31 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731070659/https://books.google.com/books?id=PijIVySza7cC|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1822, missionary [[William Ellis (British missionary)|William Ellis]] arrived and was one of a party that completed a tour of the island, descriptions of which were later published in his journal.<ref>{{cite book|author=William Ellis|title=A Journal of a Tour around Hawaii, the Largest of the Sandwich Islands|year=1823|publisher=Crocker and Brewster, New York, republished 2004, Mutual Publishing, Honolulu|url=https://archive.org/details/ajournalatourar00elligoog|isbn=1-56647-605-4}}</ref>

In July, 1898, Hawai{{okina}}i and all the Hawaiian islands were annexed by the United States, becoming the [[Territory of Hawaii]].  In 1905, the passage of the County Act established the [[County of Hawaii|County of Hawai{{okina}}i]], providing the island with local government for the first time since 1810.<ref name="charter">{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii-county.com/council/charter2000/item%201-Foreword.pdf|title=Foreword|author=Office of the County Clerk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703012729/http://www.hawaii-county.com/council/charter2000/item%201-Foreword.pdf|archive-date=July 3, 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=2007-04-26}}</ref>