Editing Havre de Grace, Maryland (section)

== History ==
[[File:Sion Hill, 2026 Level Road, Havre de Grace vicinity (Harford County, Maryland).jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Sion Hill]], 1936]]
=== Early history ===
During the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], the small hamlet known as Harmer's Town was visited several times by General [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette|Lafayette]], who became considered a hero of the war. He commented that the area reminded him of the French seaport of [[Le Havre]] on the English Channel. It had originally been named ''Le Havre-de-Grâce''. Inspired by Lafayette's comments, the residents incorporated the town as ''Havre de Grace'' in 1785.

[[George Washington]] stayed overnight in the town in 1789 on the journey to [[New York City]] for his [[First inauguration of George Washington|first inauguration]]. During the [[1st United States Congress|First Congress in 1789]], Havre de Grace missed by only one vote being named the capital of the fledgling [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cecildaily.com/our_cecil/article_b615334b-bacc-5bd7-b3e1-2e834d486817.html|title=Havre de Grace came close to the capital 224 years ago|work=cecildaily.com|date=December 23, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2009/03/06/havre-de-grace-maryland-2/|title=Havre de Grace, Maryland|work=baltimoresun.com|date=March 6, 2009 }}</ref>

=== 19th century ===
{{See also|Raid on Havre de Grace}}
On May 3, 1813, during the [[War of 1812]], [[British Empire|British]] forces led by [[Sir George Cockburn, 10th Baronet|Sir George Cockburn]] executed a [[raid on Havre de Grace]], routing the American militiamen defending it and burning large parts of the village.<ref>{{cite book|title=Maryland History In Prints 1743-1900|first=Laura|last=Rich|page=42}}</ref> American Lieutenant [[John O'Neill (lighthouse keeper)|John O'Neill]] single-handedly manned a cannon to help defend the town. He was wounded, captured by the British, and quickly released. In gratitude, Havre de Grace made O'Neill and his descendants the hereditary keepers of the [[Concord Point Light|Concord Point lighthouse]], which marks the mouth of the Susquehanna River.

The early industry of Havre de Grace included [[oyster]] and [[crab]] harvesting. Extensive fruit orchards were cultivated in and near the town. Products were shipped to markets along the East Coast and upriver.

The town was the southern terminus for the Proprietors of the Susquehanna Canal and later the [[Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal]]. This was built to bypass difficult navigational areas of the lower Susquehanna River between Havre de Grace and [[Wrightsville, Pennsylvania]], where it connected to the [[Pennsylvania Canal]]. It was built between 1836 and 1840. Operations on the canal declined after 1855 because of competition from [[railroads]], which could carry freight more quickly. The Lock Keeper's house and remnants of the canal exist today as a museum.

Havre de Grace was a primary town on the Eastern route of the [[Underground Railroad]] in Maryland, as refugee slaves could cross the Susquehanna to havens in the free state of Pennsylvania, traveling on to Philadelphia and New York.<ref name="Switala2004">{{cite book|last=Switala|first=William J.|title=Underground Railroad in Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FxFRvbFeh9kC&pg=PA83|access-date=March 24, 2014|year=2004|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=9780811731430|pages=83–85}}</ref> Prior to 1840, escaped slaves from communities along the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay came to Havre de Grace and often took the [[ferry]] across the Susquehanna River to safe sites in [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] and [[Chester County, Pennsylvania|Chester]] counties in Pennsylvania.<ref name="Siebert1898">{{cite book|last=Siebert|first=Wilbur Henry|title=The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom|url=https://archive.org/details/undergroundrail02siebgoog|access-date=March 24, 2014|year=1898|publisher=Macmillan Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/undergroundrail02siebgoog/page/n184 121]|isbn=9780665136177 }}</ref> When "vigilance increased at the ferry", the African-American refugees were guided upriver to cross to [[Columbia, Pennsylvania]], a town established by abolitionist Quakers.<ref name="Calarco2011">{{cite book|last=Calarco|first=Tom|title=Places of the Underground Railroad: A Geographical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=muBtFTkFH_EC&pg=PA363|access-date=March 24, 2014|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313381461|page=363}}</ref> Because Havre de Grace had varied transportation across the river, refugees were often successful in making their way to the North.

In the 19th century, Havre de Grace became known for [[duck hunting]], and was a seasonal destination for hunters. They stayed at the town hotels and hired local guides to escort them hunting on the river and along the bay. Local artisans became known for making high quality [[decoy]]s, which they carved and painted. Prime examples are displayed today at the Decoy Museum of the city.

By the 1860s, a large population of free African Americans had settled in the town. It had enough business to support independent artisans, and numerous jobs associated with shipping on the river and canal and, increasingly, with the railroads. During the American Civil War, this town was one of seven sites where the Army recruited for volunteers for the [[U.S. Colored Troops]], composed of African-American men. Although located in the [[Tidelands|tidewater]] area of Harford County, which still had large plantations and slaveholders, the city's river and canals tied it to northern industry and trade in Pennsylvania and beyond. These provided urban jobs for free blacks, and the town had a strong proportion of Northern sympathizers among whites.{{citation needed|date=November 2008}}

In 1878, the town became a city and established its own government. Shortly after 1878, Stephen J. Seneca opened a fruit-packing factory in the S. J. Seneca Warehouse, with a tin can factory next to Havre de Grace Waterfront. Seneca made improvements to canning with his patents, such as the "Can-soldering machines" of 1889,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US414728?oq=havre+de+grace|title=Patent US414728 - Can-soldering machine|work=google.com}}</ref> and 1891.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US452584?oq=havre+de+grace|title=Patent US452584 - Can-soldering machine|work=google.com}}</ref> By 1899, Seneca had become a canned goods broker. The first railroad was constructed along St. Clair Street (now Pennington Ave.) to the river, so Seneca's factory was well-positioned for both water and rail shipping. Up until the Second World War, many farmers in Harford County brought their produce to the Seneca Factory (later run as Stockhams Cannery). S.J. Seneca lived at 200 North Union Ave., served as Mayor of Havre de Grace (1893-1894), and donated funds and land to build the Methodist Church.<ref>http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/014000/014400/014451/pdf/msa_se5_14451.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

The Seneca cannery, now adapted for use as an antique shop, is a very good example of a late 19th-century brick industrial building. It has a severely classical facade and massive stone buttresses at the rear.<ref name="HA_814">{{cite web |title=HA-814 |url=https://mht.maryland.gov/secure/medusa/PDF/Harford/HA-814.pdf |website=Maryland Historical Trust |access-date=May 31, 2021}}</ref>

=== 20th century ===
[[File:Havre de Grace 1907.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Aerial view of Havre de Grace, 1907]]
Many patents followed the opening of the S. J. Seneca Cannery. 1901 The Baling-press.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US681356?oq=havre+de+grace|title=Patent US681356 - Baling-press.|work=google.com}}</ref> 1905 The Cooker<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US787688?oq=havre+de+grace|title=Patent US787688 - Cooker.|work=google.com}}</ref> 1905 The Tomato-scalder.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US787484?oq=havre+de+grace|title=Patent US787484 - Tomato-scalder.|work=google.com}}</ref> 1917 Improved Tomato-scalder.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US1248214?oq=havre+de+grace|title=Patent US1248214 - Tomato-scalder.|work=google.com}}</ref> 1917 The Can-opener.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US1226628?oq=havre+de+grace|title=Patent US1226628 - Can-opener.|work=google.com}}</ref> 1918 The Machine for peeling tomatoes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US1252322?oq=havre+de+grace|title=Patent US1252322 - Machine for peeling tomatoes.|work=google.com}}</ref>

Havre de Grace was known as "The Graw" from 1912 through the 1950s. It prospered as a stop for north–south travelers. These included gangsters and gamblers ''en route'' to [[New York City]] from the South following the "pony routes". The [[Havre de Grace Racetrack]] operated from 1912 to 1950. Chicago gangster [[Al Capone]] was reported to have stayed at the former "Chesapeake Hotel" (now known as "Backfin Blues; Creole de Graw"). At the end of the 1950s, the state removed the horse track. Its race and betting rights were bought by the larger [[Pimlico Race Course]] in Baltimore.

In 1949, the city denied a license to use a city park and arrested a [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] preacher. The resulting case reached the US [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]; in ''[[Niemotko v. Maryland]]'' (1951), the court ruled that Jehovah's Witnesses were protected by constitutional rights to the free exercise of religion, and the city should have granted them the permit to speak in the park.

A few tenant farmhouses remain from the large Mitchel [[plantations in the American South|plantation]] that overlooked the city. In the 1980s, Havre de Grace began to undergo extensive redevelopment as people were attracted to its unique character. Historic properties were renovated and sometimes adapted for new uses. In addition, former farmland was redeveloped for construction of new houses and, later, townhouse communities. It became a destination for people with "second homes" for vacations on the bay and retirees. Historic lands and older forests are being cleared, and expensive houses are now extending and growing along Chapel Road northwest toward Webster Village.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} Since the late 20th century, the city has benefited through development of new properties, antique stores, and other retail venues.

Per capita income doubled in the city from 1990 to 2000, with the arrival of wealthier residents to the newer suburban projects around and in the city. Some commute to jobs elsewhere; others are retirees. New suburban developments since the 1990s brought thousands of middle-to-upper-class residents to the town. Many working-class citizens who used to live in the city have been displaced by rising property values and gentrification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.havredegracemd.com/pdf/comprehensive-plan-chapter-3-the-plan.pdf |title= |website=www.havredegracemd.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201081528/http://www.havredegracemd.com/pdf/comprehensive-plan-chapter-3-the-plan.pdf |archive-date=December 1, 2011}}</ref>

=== 21st century ===
[[File:Acela on Susquehanna Bridge.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Northbound ''[[Acela|Acela Express]]'' crossing [[Amtrak Susquehanna River Bridge]] at Havre de Grace]]
In September 2003, [[Hurricane Isabel]] flooded the city about two blocks into downtown, destroying the promenade. It was rebuilt in 2004, with help from [[Americorps]] [[National Civilian Community Corps|NCCC]].<ref>[http://www.americorps.org Americorps]</ref> Today, it serves as a waterfront boardwalk and nature walk from Tydings Park to the Maritime Museum, and on to Concord Point Lighthouse.

Havre de Grace expanded in the early 21st century by annexing land.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/explore/harford/neighborhoods/havre-de-grace/ph-ag-re-hdg-council-0822-20120820,0,3536844.story|title=Havre de Grace Council members adopted several resolutions Monday night, including one to start the process of annexing the former Kiwi property on Post Road. - Baltimore Sun|author=Baltimore Sun Media Group|date=August 22, 2012|work=baltimoresun.com|access-date=March 22, 2013|archive-date=June 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630214152/http://www.baltimoresun.com/explore/harford/neighborhoods/havre-de-grace/ph-ag-re-hdg-council-0822-20120820,0,3536844.story|url-status=dead}}</ref> Housing development is moderate but steady.

Havre de Grace has been affected by the [[Base Realignment and Closure|BRAC]] activities of the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]]. DOD recently moved activities and personnel from various bases to the [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]] (APG), a few miles away, which has added to the demand for housing and services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.havredegracemd.com/content/docs/economic-downtown-redevelopment.pdf |title= |website=www.havredegracemd.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920111958/http://www.havredegracemd.com/content/docs/economic-downtown-redevelopment.pdf |archive-date=September 20, 2013}}</ref>