Editing Havre, Montana (section)

==History==
Havre was incorporated in north-central Montana on September 5, 1893.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jenks |first1=Jim |title=Commercial Development of Havre, Montana, 1889-1959 |url=https://www.havrehillpreservation.org/havre%20mpd%20revised%20CZ%20and%20KH%20march-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925121536/https://havrehillpreservation.org/havre%20mpd%20revised%20CZ%20and%20KH%20march-1.pdf |archive-date=September 25, 2021 |url-status=live |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> In August 1893, twenty-six people voted to incorporate Havre as a city on September 5 of that year. The townsite was platted south of the railroad tracks on parts of Descelles’ and Simon Pepin’s ranches.  Like many railroad towns, Havre’s streets were set in a grid formation, with the east–west orientation of the railroad serving as the northern boundary of the town running parallel to the south by Main Street, which fronted the railroad tracks, followed by First through Third Streets. The avenues ran perpendicular to the tracks with Third Avenue running south from the Great Northern depot. The depot served as the gateway to the commercial district of Havre. First Street between Second Avenue and Fourth Avenue served as the main commercial street, and Third Avenue became the main avenue. The buildings in Havre during the 1890s were typical first-generation structures and mainly consisted of tar papered wood-framed shacks.  Built close together, these buildings were false-fronted and one story high, with a few scattered one-and-a-half and two-story buildings, like the Windsor Hotel on the south side of First Street between Third and Fourth Avenues.

[[File:Iiif-service gmd gmd425m g4254m g4254hm g4254hm g050151892 05015 1892-0001-full-pct 25-0-default.jpg|thumb|left|Detail of 1892 Havre Sanborn Map]] Along with its annex, the Windsor, at two stories, was the tallest building on First Street until brick structures were constructed in the mid-1890s. Havre had many businesses typical of a frontier town including saloons, barbers, restaurants, Chinese laundries, cobblers, bakeries, mercantiles, hardware stores, and hotels.  Havre was founded primarily to serve as a major railroad service center for the [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern Railway]] built by [[James J. Hill]] with the city's location midway between [[Seattle]] and [[Minneapolis]]-[[St. Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]]. A statue of Hill stands near the Havre [[Havre station|Amtrak station]] to commemorate the key contributions his railroad has made to Havre's and Montana's history. Next to the station on display is [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern]] [[Great Northern S-2|S-2 Class]] [[Great Northern 2584|#2584]], a [[4-8-4]] "Northern" type [[steam locomotive]] that served the station while it was in passenger service.

Originally named "Bullhook Bottoms",<ref name="mhs">{{cite web |title=Havre |url=http://mtplacenames.org/ |website=Montana Place Names Companion |publisher=Montana Historical Society |access-date=April 5, 2021}}</ref> the town held a series of meetings to determine a new name. The original settlers were given the final decision, and due to a strong French influence, the town was renamed "Havre". To decide on a new name, the town held a meeting. Though that first meeting ended in a brawl, the second meeting was more successful. There, the citizenry agreed that only the original five homesteaders, Gus Decelles, Exzelia James Pepin (nephew of Simon Pepin), Tom McDevitt, Joe Demars and Charlie Goutchie would be allowed to vote. After several suggestions, including "France" to acknowledge their common heritage, Gus Decelles then suggested Havre after his parents’ hometown of Le Havre, France. "Havre", which means "the haven or harbor", won the vote.<ref>{{cite book |title=Grit, Guts, and Gusto: A History of Hill County |date=1976 |publisher=Hill County Bicentennial Commission |location=Havre, Hill, Montana, USA |page=154 |edition=I |url=https://www.mtmemory.org/nodes/view/5591?keywords=&type=all}}</ref>

Simon Pepin (1840–1914), the "Father of Havre", was born in [[Quebec]] and emigrated to Montana in 1863, where he became a contractor, furnishing supplies for the construction of [[Fort Custer (Montana)|Fort Custer]], [[Fort Assinniboine]], and [[Fort Maginnis]]. Pepin purchased ranch land near Fort Assinniboine. When [[James J. Hill]] built the [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern Railway]] across northern Montana, he built several locomotive shops on property Pepin owned at the site of Havre. Pepin became a major contributor to Havre's economic growth through his cattle, real estate, and banking enterprises.<ref name="Walter1989">{{cite journal |first=Dave |last=Walter |title=Simon Pepin, A Quiet Capitalist |journal=Montana: The Magazine of Western History |date=1989 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=34–38 |publisher=Montana Historical Society |location=Helena |issn=0026-9891 |jstor=4519194 |oclc=5544131214 }}</ref>

Havre is the eighth-largest city in Montana, and the largest city in the Montana section of the [[Hi-Line (Montana)|Hi-Line]]. With the nearest larger city, [[Great Falls, Montana|Great Falls]], about {{convert|120|mi}} to the south, Havre serves as a medical and business center for the Montana section of the Hi-Line. [[U.S. Highway 87]] has its northern terminus at Havre. [[U.S. Highway 2]], running east–west, is the city's main street. The largest employers are Northern Montana Hospital, [[Montana State University–Northern]], and the [[Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway]] ({{abbr|BNSF|Burlington Northern and Santa Fe}}). Throughout much of the twentieth century, {{abbr|BNSF|Burlington Northern and Santa Fe}} was the most prominent employer in the city, but the company scaled back its workforce in Havre in the 1990s. The [[Milk River (Alberta–Montana)|Milk River]] (tributary of the [[Missouri River]]) runs through the town, and the [[Bears Paw Mountains]] can be seen to the south.

Small grids of purple squares can be seen in some of the sidewalks downtown. These are skylights for an underground mall built in the city at least a hundred years ago. Throughout its history, this underground area has been host to a [[brothel]], a Chinese laundromat, a saloon, a drugstore, at least three [[opium den]]s, and rooms used for smuggling alcohol during [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]]. When fire destroyed Havre's business district in 1904, legitimate above-ground businesses joined the illicit businesses operating in the underground while the new brick buildings were built in the streets above. The underground area, now designated "Havre Beneath the Streets", currently operates as a tourist attraction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Montana's Russell Country: Havre Beneath the Streets |url=http://russell.visitmt.com/listings/9512.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729112735/http://russell.visitmt.com/listings/9512.HTM |archive-date=July 29, 2012 }}</ref>

The [[Wahkpa Chu'gn]] buffalo jump, or [[Game drive system|bison kill]], is located behind the Holiday Village Shopping Center near the northwest corner of Havre. Over 2,000 years old, it is one of the largest and best-preserved [[buffalo jump]]s anywhere. In prehistoric times, Native Americans would drive [[bison]] over the edge of the cliff, killing or severely injuring the animals. Afterward, the Native Americans skinned the animals and preserved the meat. The buffalo jump is now an archaeological site and a small tourist attraction.

The buffalo jump is located at the southern edge of the Havre Badlands, a [[badlands]] formation that runs alongside the Milk River to the west of the city. Small fossils, including seashells and petrified wood, can be found in the [[limestone]] sediment in this area.
[[File:Hill County Courthouse.JPG|thumb|Hill County Courthouse in downtown Havre]]

[[Fort Assinniboine]] is {{convert|6|mi|0}} southwest of Havre. The fort served as one of Montana's principal military posts from 1879 through the Prohibition era. The fort was one of many used by the United States to protect against potential attacks from Native Americans and to block incursions from Canada. At its peak, the fort housed and employed 489 soldiers in 104 buildings.

Also near Havre is the Bear's Paw Battlefield site of the [[Battle of Bear Paw]], where the [[Nez Perce people|Nez Perce]] were attacked and defeated by the [[U.S. Cavalry]]. [[Chief Joseph]] surrendered to the Cavalry and made a famous speech ending with the line, "From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever."

In 2018, two natural-born U.S. citizens were detained by [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]] agents; in 2020, they settled with CBP for an undisclosed sum.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 24, 2020|title=2 Women Detained For Speaking Spanish Settle Border Patrol Lawsuit|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/montana-border-patrol-lawsuit_n_5fbd91aec5b68ca87f7f878a|access-date=November 25, 2020|website=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Joyce|first=Kathleen|date=February 14, 2019|title=2 Montana women sue border patrol after claiming they were detained for speaking Spanish|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/montana-women-sue-border-patrol-over-racial-profiling-claims|access-date=November 25, 2020|website=Fox News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Hanson {{!}} AP|first=Amy Beth|title=2 detained for speaking Spanish settle border patrol lawsuit|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/2-detained-for-speaking-spanish-settle-border-patrol-lawsuit/2020/11/24/12f65154-2e90-11eb-9dd6-2d0179981719_story.html|access-date=November 25, 2020|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>