Editing Hate crime (section)

==History==
The term "hate crime" came into common usage in the [[United States]] during the 1980s, but it is often used retrospectively in order to describe events which occurred prior to that era.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/civilrights/hate_crimes|title=Hate Crimes|work=FBI|access-date=26 May 2015}}</ref> From the [[persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire|Roman persecution of Christians]] to the [[Final Solution|Nazi slaughter of Jews]], hate crimes were committed by individuals as well as governments long before the term was commonly used.<ref name="Streis"/> A major part of defining crimes as hate crimes is determining that they have been committed against members of historically oppressed groups.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1111/1540-4560.00257|title = Understanding the Harm of Hate Crime|journal = Journal of Social Issues|volume = 58|issue = 2|pages = 207–225|year = 2002|last1 = Boeckmann|first1 = Robert J.|last2 = Turpin-Petrosino|first2 = Carolyn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Craig |first1=Kellina M. |last2=Waldo |first2=Craig R. |year=1996 |title="So, what's a hate crime anyway?" Young adults' perceptions of hate crimes, victims, and perpetrators |journal=Law and Human Behavior |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=113–129 |doi=10.1007/BF01499350|s2cid=144669214 }}</ref>

During the past two centuries, typical examples of hate crimes in the U.S. include the [[lynching]] of [[African Americans]], largely in the [[Southern United States|South]], lynchings of [[European Americans|Europeans]] in the [[Eastern United States|East]], and lynching of [[Mexican Americans|Mexicans]] and [[Chinese Americans|Chinese]] in the [[Western United States|West]]; [[cross burning]]s in order to intimidate black activists or drive black families out of predominantly white neighborhoods both during and after [[Reconstruction Era|Reconstruction]]; assaults on [[lesbian]], [[gay]], [[bisexual]] and [[transgender]] people; the painting of [[swastika]]s on Jewish [[synagogue]]s; and [[Xenophobia|xenophobic]] responses to a variety of [[minorities|minority]] [[ethnic group]]s.<ref name = "tvccce">{{cite web|url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/bja/162304.pdf |title=A Policymaker's Guide to Hate Crimes |access-date=14 November 2011}}</ref>

The verb "''to [[Lynching|lynch]]''" is attributed to the actions of [[Charles Lynch (jurist)|Charles Lynch]], an 18th-century [[Virginia]] [[Quaker]]. Lynch, other militia officers, and justices of the peace rounded up [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Tory]] sympathizers who were given a summary trial at an informal court; sentences which were handed down included whipping, property seizure, coerced pledges of allegiance, and conscription into the military. Originally, the term referred to the extrajudicial organized but unauthorized punishment of criminals. It later evolved to describe executions which were committed outside "ordinary justice". It is highly associated with white suppression of African Americans in the South, and periods of weak or nonexistent [[police authority]], as in certain frontier areas of the [[Old West]].<ref name="Streis"/>

Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the violence against people of Chinese origin significantly increased on the background of accusation of spreading the virus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=They beat, cough and spit. Racist incidents are on the rise during the epidemic|url=https://wyborcza.pl/7,173236,25942497,they-beat-cough-and-spit-racist-hate-is-on-the-rise-during.html|access-date=2021-09-28|website=gazetapl|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-21|title=Covid 'hate crimes' against Asian Americans on rise|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56218684|access-date=2021-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-04|title=France's Asian community fights back against racist attacks during pandemic|url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210404-france-s-asian-community-fights-back-against-racist-attacks-during-pandemic|access-date=2021-09-28|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref>&nbsp;In May 2020, the Polish-based "NEVER AGAIN" Association published its report titled ''The Virus of Hate: The Brown Book of Epidemic'', that documented numerous acts of racism, [[xenophobia]], and discrimination that occurred in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as cases of spreading hate speech and conspiracy theories about the epidemic by the [[Alt-Right]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Virus of Hate: Brown Book of the Epidemic|url=https://www.nigdywiecej.org//docstation/com_docstation/172/the_virus_of_hate.pdf|website=NEVER AGAIN Association}}</ref> In the U.S., this wave of hate brought back old and harmful stereotypes. The idea of the “Yellow Peril," the belief that Asians are a threat to Western society, reappeared in news stories and social media, reinforcing long-standing fears and suspicions. At the same time, the “Model Minority” myth made it harder for people to see the very real struggles Asian Americans face, painting them as silent and successful, and often excluding them from conversations about racial injustice. As a result, Asian Americans across the country experienced a dramatic rise in hate crimes, from verbal abuse and being spit on to physical attacks in public places. Elderly individuals were especially targeted, with several shocking assaults captured on video. Businesses were vandalized, and many people were harassed simply for wearing a mask or speaking their native language. These weren’t just random incidents, they were symptoms of deep-rooted racism that was reignited during a time of fear, uncertainty, and misinformation.