Editing Haredi Judaism (section)

== Terminology ==
[[File:Haredi Judaism.jpg|thumb|Young Haredi Jews in Jerusalem, 2005]]
The term {{Transliteration|he|Haredi}} is a [[Modern Hebrew]] adjective derived from the [[Biblical Hebrew|Biblical]] verb {{transliteration|he|hared}}, which appears in the [[Book of Isaiah]] ({{Bibleverse-nb||is|66:2|HE}}; its plural {{Transliteration|he|haredim}} appears in Isaiah {{Bibleverse-nb||is|66:5|HE}})<ref name="Stadler4">{{harvnb|Stadler|2009|p=4}}</ref> and is translated as "[one who] trembles" at the word of God. The word connotes an awe-inspired fear to perform the will of God;<ref>{{harvnb|Ben-Yehuda|2010|p=17}}</ref> it is used to distinguish them from other Orthodox Jews (similar to the names used by Christian [[Quakers]] and [[Shakers]] to describe their relationship to God).<ref name="Stadler4" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=White |first1=John Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQLXVQ6Y_1MC&pg=PA177 |title=Political Parties and the Collapse of the Old Orders |last2=Davies |first2=Philip John |date=1998 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |isbn=978-0-7914-4068-1 |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kosmin |first1=Barry Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDPbPBJXgrUC&pg=PA86 |title=Secularism, Women & the State: The Mediterranean World in the 21st Century |last2=Keysar |first2=Ariela |date=2009 |publisher=[[Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture]] |isbn=978-0-692-00328-2 |pages=86 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Sokol, Sam. [https://www.thetower.org/article/introducing-the-new-haredim/ "Introducing the New, Improved Haredim"], ''[[The Tower Magazine]]'', May 2013. accessed June 28, 2024. "The term 'Haredi' comes from the Hebrew word for trembling or, depending on context, anxiety. Like the American Shakers and Quakers, it is a direct reference to the fear of God, or of transgressing His laws, that lies at the core of the lives of adherents."</ref>

The term most commonly used by outsiders, for example most American news organizations, is ''ultra-Orthodox'' Judaism.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/should-ultra-orthodox-jews-be-able-to-decide-what-theyre-called/2014/02/06/99c2a506-8f74-11e3-878e-d76656564a01_story.html|title=Should ultra-Orthodox Jews be able to decide what they're called? |last=Markoe |first=Lauren |date=February 6, 2014|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref> [[Hillel Halkin]] suggests the origins of the term may date to the 1950s, a period in which Haredi survivors of the Holocaust first began arriving in America.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last=Philologos [Hillel Halkin] |first= |date=2013-02-17 |title=Just How Orthodox Are They? |newspaper=The Forward |url=http://forward.com/culture/171116/just-how-orthodox-are-they/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=2017-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810120031/https://forward.com/culture/171116/just-how-orthodox-are-they/ |archive-date=10 August 2022}}</ref> However, [[Isaac Leeser]] (1806–1868) was described in 1916 as "ultra-Orthodox".<ref>{{cite book
|page=71
|first=Max B.
|last=May
|title=Isaac Mayer Wise: Founder of American Judaism: A Biography
|publisher=[[G.P. Putnam's]]
|location=New York
|year=1916
|url=http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/wise/attachment/5365/IMWise_max_may.pdf}}</ref>

The word ''Haredi'' is often used in the [[Jewish diaspora]] in place of the term ''ultra-Orthodox'', which many view as inaccurate or offensive,<ref name="Ayalon1999">[[Ami Ayalon|Ayalon, Ami]] (1999). "Language as a barrier to political reform in the Middle East", ''[[International Journal of the Sociology of Language]]'', Volume 137, pp. 67–80: "Haredi" has none of the misleading religious implications of "ultra-Orthodox": in the words of Shilhav (1989: 53),{{full citation needed|reason=This looks like an internal citation that should be within quotation marks. If not, it needs a proper citation for [[WP:V|verifiability]]|date=June 2024}} "They are not necessarily [objectively] more religious, but religious in a different way."; and {{"'}}Haredi' ... is preferable, being a term commonly used by such Jews themselves&nbsp;... Moreover, it carries none of the venom often injected into the term 'ultra-Orthodox' by other Jews and, sadly, by the Western media&nbsp;..."</ref><ref name="OthersPejorative">Sources describing the term as pejorative or derogatory include:
* Kobre, Eytan. [http://www.jewishmediaresources.com/561/one-people-two-worlds ''One People, Two Worlds. A Reform Rabbi and an Orthodox Rabbi Explore the Issues That Divide Them'', reviewed by Eytan Kobre], Jewish Media Resources, February 2003. Retrieved August 25, 2009. "Indeed, the social scientist [[Marvin Schick]] calls attention to the fact that 'through the simple device of identifying [some Jews] ... as "ultra-Orthodox", ... [a] pejorative term has become the standard reference term for describing a great many Orthodox Jews... No other ethnic or religious group in this country is identified in language that conveys so negative a message.{{'"}}
* Goldschmidt, Henry. ''Race and Religion among the Chosen Peoples of Crown Heights'', [[Rutgers University Press]], 2006, p. 244, note 26. "I am reluctant to use the term 'ultra-Orthodox', as the prefix 'ultra' carries pejorative connotations of irrational extremism."
* Longman, Chia. "Engendering Identities as Political Processes: Discources of Gender Among Strictly Orthodox Jewish Women", in Rik Pinxten, Ghislain Verstraete, Chia Longmanp (eds.) ''Culture and Politics: Identity and Conflict in a Multicultural World'', Berghahn Books, 2004, p. 55. "Webber (1994: 27) uses the label 'strictly Orthodox' when referring to Haredi, seemingly more adequate as a purely descriptive name, yet carrying less pejorative connotations than ultra-Orthodox."
* [[Avi Shafran|Shafran, Avi]]. [http://forward.com/articles/193209/dont-call-us-ultra-orthodox/ "Don't Call Us 'Ultra-Orthodox'{{-"}}], ''[[The Jewish Daily Forward]]'', February 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2014. "Considering that other Orthodox groups have self-identified with prefixes like 'modern' or 'open', why can't we Haredim just be, simply, 'Orthodox'? Our beliefs and practices, after all, are those that most resemble those of our grandparents. But, whatever alternative is adopted, 'ultra' deserves to be jettisoned from media and discourse. We Haredim aren't looking for special treatment, or to be called by some name we just happen to prefer. We're only seeking the mothballing of a pejorative."</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MO159He5WgYC&q=ultra+orthodox+pejorative&pg=PA183|title=Orthodox by Design: Judaism, Print Politics, and the ArtScroll Revolution|last=Stolow|first=Jeremy|date=2010-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520264250|language=en}}</ref> it being seen as a derogatory term suggesting extremism;<ref name="Shafran">{{cite web |last=Shafran |first=Avi |date=February 4, 2014 |title=Don't Call Us 'Ultra-Orthodox |url=https://forward.com/opinion/193209/dont-call-us-ultra-orthodox/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808191856/https://forward.com/opinion/193209/dont-call-us-ultra-orthodox/ |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=2020-05-13 |website=Forward}}</ref> English-language alternatives that have been proposed include ''fervently Orthodox'',<ref>Lipowsky, Josh. [http://www.jstandard.com/index.php/content/item/paper_loses_divisive_term/6507 "Paper loses 'divisive' term"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826134608/http://www.jstandard.com/index.php/content/item/paper_loses_divisive_term/6507 |date=August 26, 2011 }}. ''[[Jewish Standard]]''. January 30, 2009. "... JTA [Jewish Telegraphic Agency] faced the same conundrum and decided to do away with the term, replacing it with 'fervently Orthodox'. ... 'Ultra-Orthodox' was seen as a derogatory term that suggested extremism."</ref> ''strictly Orthodox'',<ref name="OthersPejorative" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Orthodox Judaism |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/orthodox-judaism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516072956/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/orthodox-judaism |archive-date=2012-05-16 |access-date=2019-05-15 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs |quote=Orthodox Judaism claims to preserve Jewish law and tradition from the time of Moses.}}</ref> or ''traditional Orthodox''.<ref name=":0" /> Others, however, dispute the characterization of the term as pejorative.<ref name=":1" /> [[Ari L. Goldman]], a professor at [[Columbia University]], notes that the term simply serves a practical purpose to distinguish a specific part of the Orthodox community, and is not meant as pejorative.<ref name=":0" /> Others, such as [[Samuel Heilman]], criticized terms such as ''ultra-Orthodox'' and ''traditional Orthodox'', arguing that they misidentify Haredi Jews as more authentically Orthodox than others, as opposed to adopting customs and practises that reflect their desire to separate from the outside world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://forward.com/opinion/193306/ultra-orthodox-jews-shouldnt-have-a-monopoly-on-tr/|title=Ultra-Orthodox Jews Shouldn't Have a Monopoly on Tradition|last=Heilman|first=Samuel|newspaper=The Forward|access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

The community has sometimes been characterized as ''traditional Orthodox'', in contradistinction to the [[Modern Orthodox Judaism|Modern Orthodox]], the other major branch of Orthodox Judaism, and not to be confused with the movement represented by the [[Union for Traditional Judaism]], which originated in [[Conservative Judaism]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Heilman|first1=Samuel C.|title=Synagogue Life: A Study in Symbolic Interaction |date=1976 |publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1412835497|pages=15–16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ritzer|first1=George|editor-last=Ryan|editor-first=J. Michael|title=The concise encyclopedia of sociology |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00ritz|url-access=limited|date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK |isbn=978-1444392647|page=[https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00ritz/page/n384 335]}}</ref>

Haredi Jews also use other terms to refer to themselves. Common [[Yiddish]] words include {{transliteration|yi|Yidn}} (Jews), {{transliteration|yi|erlekhe Yidn}} (virtuous Jews),<ref name=Ayalon1999/> {{transliteration|he|ben Torah}} (son of the Torah),<ref name=Stadler4/> {{transliteration|yi|[[frum]]}} (pious), and {{transliteration|yi|heimish}} (home-like; i.e., "our crowd").

In Israel, Haredi Jews are sometimes also called by the derogatory slang words {{transliteration|he|dos}} (plural {{transliteration|he|dosim}}), that mimics the traditional [[Ashkenazi Hebrew]] pronunciation of the Hebrew word {{transliteration|he|datiyim}} (religious),<ref>Donna Rosenthal. ''The Israelis: Ordinary People in an Extraordinary Land''. Simon and Schuster, 2005. p. 183. "Dossim, a derogatory word for Haredim, is Yiddish-accented Hebrew for 'religious'."</ref> and more rarely, {{transliteration|he|sh'chorim}} (blacks), a reference to the black clothes they typically wear;<ref>Nadia Abu El-Haj. ''Facts on the ground: Archaeological practice and territorial self-fashioning in Israeli society''. University of Chicago Press, 2001. p. 262.</ref> a related informal term used in English is ''black hat''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Benor|first1=Sarah Bunin|title=Becoming frum how newcomers learn the language and culture of Orthodox Judaism|date=2012|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-0813553917|page=9}}</ref>