Editing Hanwell (section)

==History==

=== Etymology ===
The name probably means 'spring/stream frequented by [[cock (bird)|cock]]s'.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Middlesex/Hanwell| title = Key to English Place-names| access-date = 2 June 2021| archive-date = 2 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220158/http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Middlesex/Hanwell| url-status = dead}}</ref>

The earliest surviving reference is AD 959 when it is recorded as ''Hanewelle'' in pledge, when Alfwyn (a [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxon]]) pawned his land for money to go on a [[pilgrimage]].<ref name="CyN">{{cite book | last = Neaves | first = Cyrill | title = A history of Greater Ealing | publisher = S. R. Publishers | year = 1971 | location = United Kingdom | pages = 103, 105, 128, 208 | isbn = 0-85409-679-5 }}</ref> The origin of the name is uncertain; various suggestions have been put forward.

Near to the old [[Rectory]] and close to Hanwell spring is a large stone of about a ton in weight. In [[Anglo-Saxon]] the word ''Han'' denoted a boundary stone. This juxtaposition of these two natural features could have given rise to the name ''Han-well'', which dates back to before the [[Domesday Book]].

The original borders of the parish stretched from the bend of the [[River Brent]] at [[Greenford]] and followed the river down to the [[River Thames]]. Its geography, before the draining of the [[marsh]]es, formed a natural boundary between the different tribes of the south east of England. This gives some support to the suggestion that ''Han'' came from the Saxon ''han'' for cockerel. If so, the name is derived from ''Han-créd-welle''. ''Han-créd'' or cock-crow meant the border between night and day, and is neither one nor the other. So Hanwell would mean ''well upon the boundary''. ''For more see: [[River Brent#Hydronymy and etymology|River Brent: Hydronymy]]''.

The only other Hanwell in Britain is a small parish in [[Oxfordshire]] on the boundary with [[Warwickshire]].<ref name="CyN" />

===Short history of the inns and public houses===
The [[Uxbridge Road]] (then known as the Oxford Road) was [[Turnpike trust|turnpiked]] between [[Uxbridge]] and [[Tyburn, London|Tyburn]] in 1714. The revenue from [[Toll road|tolls]] enabled an all-weather [[Metal (pavement)|metaled]] road surface of compacted gravel to be laid down.

This constant movement of people along the road, brought about the establishment of [[coaching inns]] along the road as it crossed the [[River Brent]] and passed through the parish of Hanwell. In these inns, travellers could stable their horses, place their carts or goods in safe storage and secure board and lodgings for themselves overnight.

The first inn on crossing the River Brent is "The Viaduct", which is on the north side. Named after the [[Wharncliffe Viaduct]], its original name was the "Coach and Horses". At the back of the [[pub]], some of the original [[stable]] building can be seen, dating to about 1730.<ref name="british-history.ac.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22339|title=Hanwell: Introduction – British History Online|website=british-history.ac.uk|access-date=24 August 2008|archive-date=4 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604055440/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22339|url-status=live}}</ref> Early in the 20th century, The Viaduct received a new [[Glazed architectural terra-cotta|faïence]] façade, which [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] succinctly described as "a jolly tiled [[Edwardian era|Edwardian]] pub".<ref name="Pev" />

Next was the "Duke of Wellington", which lay approximately 400&nbsp;m closer to London on the southern side of the road, roughly opposite the old Hanwell Police Station. However, this had been demolished by the 1920s and was not rebuilt.

Further east still and back across on the north side of the [[Uxbridge Road]] at the junction of Hanwell Broadway is the "Duke of York"This became an important staging point for [[stagecoach]]es on their way between [[Oxford]] and London. Established in the 18th century, it has been subsequently rebuilt in the [[Tudorbethan architecture|Tudorbethan style]].

The next pub occupies the site of what was probably the very first inn to be established on the Oxford Road as it ran through Hanwell; it is known today as the [[Kings Arms, Hanwell|Kings Arms]]. It lies on the south side of the road. It was original called the "Spencer Arms"after Edward Spencer, who was [[Lord of the Manor]] of [[Boston Manor|Boston]] during the [[English Civil War|Civil War]]. In the 18th century, the Manor Courts hearings were transferred here from [[Greenford]], then later transferred to the Viaduct Inn.<ref>Hanwell: Local government', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington (1962), [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22344 pages 228–230] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525153516/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22344 |date=25 May 2011 }}. Retrieved 24 August 2008.</ref> However, the present building dates back to 1930 when it was rebuilt by brewers [[Mann, Crossman & Paulin]] in the [[Arts and Crafts Movement|Arts & Crafts]] style. Though unexciting on the outside, its interior is still today, a fine example of this type of architecture, and [[Campaign for Real Ale|CAMRA]] has placed it in its ''National Inventory of Pub Interiors of Outstanding Historic Interest''. The lower half of the exterior walls is decorated with green faïence with brick-sized faces.  These tiles extend to cover the stallriser of the shop to the immediate right. This is because, originally, this shop was built to serve as the Off-licence premises.

[[File:The Fox -Hanwell W7.JPG|thumb|left|The Fox, built in 1848]]
Gradually, retail stores and shops started to fill the gaps between these inns to take advantage of the passing trade brought by this important route into and out of the city. During the [[Victorian era|Victorian period]], the village to the north of the [[Uxbridge Road]] began to slowly expand to the south of the road. Toward the southern end of Green Lane (the old toll-free [[droving|drover]]s route into the city) is [[The Fox Inn, Hanwell|The Fox]] public house. The Fox has been named ''West Middlesex Pub of the Year'' in 2005, 2007, 2010 and 2011.<ref>West Middlesex branch of CAMRA [http://www.westmiddx-camra.org.uk/# Official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724023118/http://www.westmiddx-camra.org.uk/ |date=24 July 2009 }}. Retrieved 23 May 2010.</ref><ref>The Fox [http://www.thefoxpub.co.uk/index.html Official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331193340/http://www.thefoxpub.co.uk/index.html |date=31 March 2010 }}. Retrieved 23 May 2010.</ref> Built in 1848 it is a largely unspoiled and original mid-[[Victorian era|Victorian]] pub. It has received a 'local listing' from Ealing Council as a building of local interest. It is constructed out of local golden yellow brick with more expensive red bricks used for detailing on corners and chimneys. Rich brown glazed tiles are used for the ground floor exterior walls with coloured stained glass in the fan lights. The upper story has [[Mock Tudor]] detailing, including [[dentil]]s on the two outward-facing [[gable]]s. Most of the interior is also original, although the dividing walls between bars and off-license sales have been taken out to create one large bar area. The present day eating area retains its original wooden wall panelling. On the east of the building itself is a very sheltered [[beer garden]], so food and drink can be enjoyed inside or out. The Fox was the meeting place for the local [[fox hunt]] until the 1920s. The hunt would set off across Hanwell Heath, much of which still existed at that time. [[File:The Hanwell Hunt.jpeg|thumb|left|The hunt assembled. c.1910]]Present-day clientele can still see foxes drinking, quite unfazed, from the dog bowls of water, put outside the Fox's saloon bar.[[File:The thirsty fox.jpg|thumb|right|Now foxes come to drink from the dog bowls, outside The Fox's saloon bar]]
<ref name="llb">Ealing's New Plan for the Environment, volume 2 Chapter 10.10 [http://www.ealing.gov.uk/ealing3/export/sites/ealingweb/services/leisure/local_history/historic_buildings/_docs/listedbuilding.pdf Locally Listed Buildings] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20111004082541/http://www.ealing.gov.uk/ealing3/export/sites/ealingweb/services/leisure/local_history/historic_buildings/_docs/listedbuilding.pdf |date=4 October 2011 }}. Prepared by the Borough, buildings of architectural or historical interest. Retrieved 24 August 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = M<sup>c</sup>Ewan | first = Kate| title = Ealing Walkabout: Journeys into the history of a London borough. | publisher =Nick Wheatly Associates | year = 1983 | location = Cheshire, UK.| pages = 222, 223| isbn = 0-9508895-0-4 }}</ref><ref>Ealing Borough Council (2007). [http://www.ealing.gov.uk/ealing3/export/sites/ealingweb/services/environment/planning/planning_services/conservation/_docs/_management_plans/st_marks_and_canal_ca_management_plan_2007.pdf St Marks and Canal Conservation Area. Management Plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007032945/http://www2.ealing.gov.uk/ealing3/export/sites/ealingweb/services/environment/planning/planning_services/conservation/_docs/_management_plans/st_marks_and_canal_ca_management_plan_2007.pdf |date=7 October 2011 }}. Pages: 27 & 33. Retrieved 25 August 2008.</ref>

===Healthcare===
[[File:St Bernards Gatehouse 2008.jpeg|thumb|{{center|St Bernard's Gate House <br />(Grade II) }}]]
Lying to the west of the [[River Brent]] and so actually in the precinct of [[Norwood Green]], the Middlesex County Lunatic Asylum was commonly referred to as the [[St Bernard's Hospital, Hanwell|Hanwell Asylum]] because it was closer to the centre of Hanwell than either Norwood or Southall. The [[Psychiatric hospital|asylum]] was opened in 1831 to house [[pauper]] [[lunatics]]. In 1937 it was renamed [[St Bernard's Hospital, Hanwell|St Bernard's Hospital]] by which it is still known today. Built on some of its former grounds to the east is [[Ealing Hospital NHS Trust|Ealing Hospital]]. Most of the original asylum still remains, with over half having been turned into the St Bernard's Gate housing development and the rest remaining as a [[psychiatric hospital]]. The most interesting parts are the chapel and an entrance arch, visible from the [[Uxbridge Road]]. Within the grounds of Hanwell Asylum, on the west side of the main block, was a small isolation hospital.

The hospital was remarkable as one of its physicians, [[John Conolly]], 1794–1866, was progressive in the treatment of patients and avoided the use of restraints. A memorial garden dedicated to him is at the junction of Station Road with Connolly Road. The hospital did have a museum housed in its chapel, but this collection has now been broken up and relocated. It included many items ranging from patient registers, reports and a large assortment of medical equipment, including a [[padded cell]], consisting of a wooden framework with padded door, walls and floor, but no ceiling.

Within the boundary of Hanwell proper, there were three more asylums. These were all private. The first one recorded, was "Popes House", which admitted its first patient (it is thought) in 1804.

Later, "Elm Grove House" in Church Road was turned into an asylum by Susan Wood. Her husband was the brother of Mrs Ellis, the wife of William Ellis, the first superintendent of Hanwell Asylum.<ref>Roberts, Andrew (1981). [http://www.mdx.ac.uk/www/study/01.htm The Lunacy Commission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004125757/http://www.mdx.ac.uk/WWW/STUDY/01.htm |date=4 October 2008 }} Middlesex University web, London. Retrieved 11 September 2008.</ref> (This is not to be confused with the similarly named Elm Grove in Ealing which the [[East India Company]] took over in 1870 and created the "[[Royal India Asylum]]", which closed in 1892.)<ref>A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 7: Acton, Chiswick, Ealing and Brentford, West Twyford, Willesden (1982) [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22581 Ealing and Brentford: Public services] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417054700/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22581 |date=17 April 2009 }} Pages 147–149. Retrieved 11 September 2008.</ref>

Another local asylum was "Lawn House", the home and privately run asylum of Dr John Conolly, which he opened after retiring as superintendent of Hanwell Asylum. After his death in 1866, it was taken over by his son-in-law [[Henry Maudsley]] who ran it until 1874.

Down Green Lane and on the west side was the old "Hanwell Cottage Hospital", which was named "The [[Queen Victoria]] and War Memorial Hospital". This was built in 1900 and paid for by public subscription and run on voluntary contributions until the creation of the [[National Health Service|NHS]] in 1948. In 1979 it was replaced by "Ealing District General Hospital", on the other side of the [[River Brent]]. The southern Portland stone and brick pier of the cottage hospital's entrance, bearing the inscription <small>HANWELL</small> was preserved as a permanent reminder of Hanwell's first hospital. The two original Edwardian street lamps outside the entrance were also preserved, but then mysteriously disappeared, causing enquiries to be made.

===Transport===
[[File:Hanwell bridge with tramcar crossing.JPG|thumb|right|{{center|Tram crossing Hanwell Bridge}}]]
In 1901 the first electric [[trams]] began to run along the [[Uxbridge Road]], causing the population of the village to expand faster than with the arrival of the trains half a century before. First however, the tram company had to strengthen Hanwell Bridge, as well as widen it on its north side. A [[balustrade]], which survives to this day, lines each side. Another stipulation placed upon the company was that the standards to support the [[catenary]] also had to be able to double as street [[lamppost]]s. The cars cost £1,000 each yet the ordinary fare from [[Shepherd's Bush]] to [[Uxbridge]] was only 8<sup>d</sup>. [[File:Tram in hanwell boston road.JPG|thumb|{{center|Tram in Boston Road, Uxbridge Road is behind}}|left]]
A route from [[Brentford]] to Hanwell was introduced on 26 May 1906.<ref name="Meads R J 1983 page 32">Meads R J (1983). Southall 830 – 1982, page 32. {{ISBN|0-86303-112-9}}.</ref>

A tram depot (later converted into a trolleybus depot and then into a bus garage) was located on the [[Uxbridge Road]]. It was closed down in 1993 and the land has been converted into a retail park.

[[AEC Routemaster]] buses were built at the [[Associated Equipment Company|AEC]] factory in Windmill Lane and much of the fuel injection equipment and electrical systems were manufactured by [[Lucas CAV#CAV|CAV Ltd]] who had a factory in [[Acton Vale, London|Acton Vale]].<ref name="Meads R J 1983 page 32"/><ref>Meads R J (1983). Southall 830 – 1982, page 54. {{ISBN|0-86303-112-9}}.</ref> The large Routemaster tyres were moulded and cured, just to the south on the Great West Road in [[Brentford]] by the [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company]] whose [[Firestone tyre factory (London)|factory]] was opened there in 1928.<ref>A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington (1962), [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22279 Heston and Isleworth: Economic and social history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019120136/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22279 |date=19 October 2013 }}, pages 114–119. Retrieved 27 August 2008.</ref>

Trolley buses were introduced in 1936 and ran until the early 1960s.<ref>A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 7: Acton, Chiswick, Ealing and Brentford, West Twyford, Willesden (1982),. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22573 Ealing and Brentford: Communications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525204258/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22573 |date=25 May 2011 }} pages 101–105. Retrieved 27 August 2008.</ref>

Plans to reintroduce trams in the form of the [[West London Tram]] scheme were suggested, but then abandoned by [[Transport for London]] in 2007 in the face of local opposition.