Editing Hanoi (section)

== Names ==
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| image1            = ThăngLong昇竜.png
| caption1          = Thăng Long 昇竜 written in  大南國史演歌 ''Đại Nam quốc sử diễn ca''.
| image2            = KẻChợ仉𢄂.png
| caption2          = Kẻ Chợ 仉𢄂 (one of the many historical names for Hanoi) written in the book, 大南國史演歌 ''Đại Nam quốc sử diễn ca''
}}

Hanoi has had various names throughout history. It was known first as Long Biên ({{lang|vi-Hani|龍編}}, {{Literal translation|dragons interweaving}}), then Tống Bình ({{lang|vi-Hani|宋平}}, {{Literal translation|[[Song dynasty|Song]] pacification}}) and Long Đỗ ({{lang|vi-Hani|龍肚}}, {{Literal translation|dragon belly}}). ''Long Biên'' later gave its name to the famed [[Long Biên Bridge]], built during [[French Indochina|French colonial]] times, and more recently to a [[Long Biên District|new district]] to the east of the [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]]. Several older names of Hanoi feature ''long'' ({{lang|vi-Hani|龍}}, {{Translation|dragon}}), linked to the curved formation of the Red River around the city, which was symbolized as a dragon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lands named "dragon"|url=http://tuoitre.vn/tin/ao-trang/20120109/nhung-vung-dat-mang-ten-rong/472123.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423152322/http://tuoitre.vn/tin/ao-trang/20120109/nhung-vung-dat-mang-ten-rong/472123.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 April 2017|publisher=[[Tuổi Trẻ]]|access-date=23 April 2017|author=Con Giang|date=9 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="dantri" /><ref name="hanoitv" />

In 866, it was turned into a citadel and named Đại La ({{lang|vi-Hani|大羅}}, {{Literal translation|big net}}). This gave it the nickname La Thành ({{lang|vi-Hani|羅城}}, {{Literal translation|''La'' citadel}}). Both ''Đại La'' and ''La Thành'' are names of major streets in modern Hanoi. When [[Lý Thái Tổ]] established the capital in the area in 1010, it was named Thăng Long ({{lang|vi-Hani|昇龍}}).<ref>Anh Thư Hà, Hồng Đức Trần A Brief Chronology of Vietnam's History 2000– Page 40  "Taking this as a good omen, he named the new capital Thăng Long (City of the Soaring Dragon), now Hanoi. Lý Thái Tổ reorganized the administration"</ref><ref>Patricia M. Pelley ''Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past'' 2002– Page 213 "When Lý Thái Tổ relocated the capital in 1010."</ref> ''Thăng Long'' later became the name of a major [[Thăng Long Bridge|bridge]] on the highway linking the city center to [[Noi Bai Airport|Nội Bài Airport]], and the Thăng Long Boulevard expressway in the southwest of the city center. In modern times, the city is usually referred to as ''Thăng Long – Hà Nội'', when its long history is discussed.

During the [[Hồ dynasty]], it was called Đông Đô ({{lang|vi-Hani|東都}}, {{Literal translation|eastern metropolis}}).<ref name="dantri" /><ref name="laodong" /> During the [[Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam|Ming occupation]], it was called Đông Quan ({{lang|vi-Hani|東關}}, {{Literal translation|eastern gate}}).<ref name="dantri" /><ref name="hanoitv" /><ref name="laodong" /> During the [[Lê dynasty]], Hanoi was known as Đông Kinh ({{lang|vi-Hani|東京}}),<ref>''For the de facto capital city of Japan, see [[Tokyo]]'' ({{lang|ja|東京}}).</ref> which gave the name to [[Tonkin]] and [[Gulf of Tonkin]]. A square adjacent to the [[Hoàn Kiếm lake]] was named ''Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục'' after the reformist [[Tonkin Free School]] under French colonization.<ref name="dantri" /><ref name="laodong" />

After the end of the [[Tây Sơn dynasty|Tây Sơn]] had expanded further south, the city was named Bắc Thành ({{lang|vi-Hani|北城}}, {{Literal translation|northern citadel}}).<ref name="dantri" /><ref name="hanoitv" /><ref name="laodong" /> [[Minh Mạng]] renamed the city Hà Nội ({{lang|vi-Hani|河內}}) in 1831. This has remained its official name until modern times.<ref name="dantri" /><ref name="hanoitv" /><ref name="laodong" />

Several unofficial names of Hanoi include: {{lang|vi|Kẻ Chợ}} ({{lang|vi-Hani|仉𢄂}}, {{Literal translation|marketplace}}), {{lang|vi|Tràng An}} ({{Literal translation|long peace}}), {{lang|vi|Long Thành}} (short for {{lang|vi|Kinh thành Thăng Long}}, 'citadel of Thăng Long'), {{lang|vi|Kinh Thành}} ('capital city'), {{lang|vi|Hà Thành}} (short for {{lang|vi|Thành phố Hà Nội}}, 'city of Hanoi'), and {{lang|vi|Thủ Đô}} ('capital').<ref name="dantri">{{cite web|url=https://dantri.com.vn/ban-doc/nhung-ten-goi-cua-ha-noi-qua-cac-thoi-ky-lich-su-1286098923.htm|title=Những tên gọi của Hà Nội qua các thời kỳ lịch sử|publisher=Dân Trí|language=vi|date=30 September 2010|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620031756/https://dantri.com.vn/ban-doc/nhung-ten-goi-cua-ha-noi-qua-cac-thoi-ky-lich-su-1286098923.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hanoitv">{{cite web|url=http://hanoitv.vn/lich-su-cac-ten-goi-cua-thu-do-ha-noi-d3832.html|title=Lịch sử các tên gọi của Thủ đô Hà Nội|publisher=Hanoi TV|language=vi|date=28 May 2013|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=19 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619010313/https://hanoitv.vn/lich-su-cac-ten-goi-cua-thu-do-ha-noi-d3832.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="laodong">{{cite web |url=https://laodong.vn/archived/ten-goi-ha-noi-qua-cac-thoi-ky-lich-su-682388.ldo |title=Tên gọi Hà Nội qua các thời kỳ lịch sử |publisher=Lao Động |language=vi |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=22 February 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618031239/https://laodong.vn/archived/ten-goi-ha-noi-qua-cac-thoi-ky-lich-su-682388.ldo |url-status=live }}</ref>

Arab manuscripts between the 9th and 12th century referred to Hanoi as {{lang|ar-Latn|Luqin}} ({{lang|ar|لوكين}}), a term derived from ''[[Long Biên|Longbian]]'' ([[Middle Chinese]]: {{lang|ltc-Latn|Ljowng-pen}}), and was originally used by Muslim traders to mention the Vietnamese.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Formichi |first1=Chiara |title=Islam and Asia: A History |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107106123 |page=27 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-fWDwAAQBAJ&dq=luqin+colonies+muslims&pg=PA27 |volume = 21 of New Approaches to Asian History}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hourani |first1=George F. |last2=Carswell |first2=John |editor1-last=Carswell |editor1-first=John |title=Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times |date=1995 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0691000328 |page=72 |edition=illustrated, revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDh2KKSlQg4C&dq=luqin+colonies+muslims&pg=PA72 |series=ACLS Humanities E-Book Princeton paperbacks: Ancient history}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kasimin |first1=Amran |title=Religion and Social Change Among the Indigenous People of the Malay Peninsula |date=1991 |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia |isbn=9836222650 |page=142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJzXAAAAMAAJ&q=luqin+colonies+muslims}}</ref>