Editing Hammond organ (section)

==Features==
A number of features of the Hammond organ are not usually found on other keyboards like the [[piano]] or [[synthesizer]]. Some are similar to a [[pipe organ]], but others are unique to the instrument.{{sfn|Faragher|2011|p=34}}

===Keyboards and pedalboard===
[[File:Hammond B2 (closeup).jpg|thumb|The two [[manual (music)|manuals]] of the Hammond B-2]]
{{Listen
| filename=Drawbar C Chord.ogg
| title=C note
| description=A single note ([[C (musical note)|C]]) played on a Hammond organ
| format=[[Ogg]]}}
[[File:Hammond C2 pedalboards (Supernatural).jpg|thumb|left|Unlike an [[American Guild of Organists]] pedalboard, a console Hammond normally has 25 pedals.{{sfn|Vail|2002|p=76}}]]

Most Hammond organs have two 61-note (five-[[octave]]) keyboards called [[manual (music)|manuals]]. As with [[pipe organ]] keyboards, the two manuals are positioned on two levels close to each other. Each is laid out in a similar manner to a piano keyboard, except that pressing a key on a Hammond results in the sound continuously playing until it is released, whereas with a piano, the note's volume decays. No difference in volume occurs regardless of how heavily or lightly the key is pressed (unlike with a piano), so overall volume is controlled by a pedal (also known as a "swell" or "expression" pedal).{{sfn|Faragher|2011|p=33–34}} The keys on each manual have a lightweight [[Action (piano)|action]], which allows players to perform rapid passages more easily than on a piano. In contrast to piano and pipe organ keys, Hammond keys have a flat-front profile, commonly referred to as "waterfall" style. Early Hammond console models had sharp edges, but starting with the B-2, these were rounded, as they were cheaper to manufacture.{{sfn|Faragher|2011|p=50}} The M series of spinets also had waterfall keys (which has subsequently made them ideal for spares on B-3s and C-3s{{sfn|Vail|2002|p=89}}), but later spinet models had "diving board" style keys which resembled those found on a church organ.{{sfn|Lenhoff|Robertson|2019|p=67}} Modern Hammond-Suzuki models use waterfall keys.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hammondorganco.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/web-SKseries-BROCHURE.pdf |title=SK Series Brochure |publisher=Hammond USA |access-date=March 20, 2017}}</ref>

Hammond console organs come with a wooden [[pedal keyboard|pedalboard]] played with the feet, for bass notes. Most console Hammond pedalboards have 25 notes, with the bottom note a low C and the top note a [[C (musical note)|middle C]] two octaves higher. Hammond used a 25-note pedalboard because he found that on traditional 32-note pedalboards used in church pipe organs, the top seven notes were seldom used. The Hammond Concert models E, RT, RT-2, RT-3 and D-100 had 32-note [[American Guild of Organists]] (AGO) pedalboards going up to the [[G (musical note)|G]] above middle C as the top note.{{sfn|Vail|2002|p=76}} The RT-2, RT-3 and D-100 also contained a separate solo pedal system that had its own volume control and various other features.{{sfn|Faragher|2011|p=58}} Spinet models have 12- or 13-note miniature pedalboards.{{sfn|Vail|2002|p=76}}

Hammond organ manuals and pedalboards were originally manufactured with solid [[palladium]] alloy wire to ensure a high-quality electrical connection when pressing a key.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://theatreorgans.com/hammond/faq/a-100/a-100.html |title=Hammond A-100 Service manual |publisher=Hammond USA |access-date=August 31, 2020}}</ref> This design was discontinued with the introduction of the transistor organ. This means tonewheel organs have between 3.2 and 8.4&nbsp;grams of palladium, depending on make and model.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scrapmetaljunkie.com/2230/how-to-scrap-a-hammond-organ-for-scrap-palladium |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111054800/https://www.scrapmetaljunkie.com/2230/how-to-scrap-a-hammond-organ-for-scrap-palladium |url-status=usurped |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |title=Scrap Metal Junkie |access-date=August 31, 2020}}</ref>

===Drawbars===
[[File:Hammond-drawbars-plain.svg|thumb|The sound on a Hammond is varied using drawbars, similar to faders on an [[Mixing console|audio mixing console]]]]
The sound on a tonewheel Hammond organ is varied through the manipulation of drawbars. A drawbar is a metal slider that controls the volume of a particular sound component, in a similar way to a fader on an [[Mixing console|audio mixing console]]. As a drawbar is incrementally pulled out, it increases the volume of its sound. When pushed all the way in, the volume is decreased to zero.{{sfn|Campbell|Greated|Myers|2004|p=447}}

The labeling of the drawbar derives from the [[Organ stop|stop]] system in pipe organs, in which the physical length of the pipe corresponds to the pitch produced. Most Hammonds contain nine drawbars per manual. The drawbar marked "8′" generates the [[fundamental frequency|fundamental]] of the note being played, the drawbar marked "16′" is an octave below, and the drawbars marked "4′", "2′" and "1′" are one, two and three octaves above, respectively. The other drawbars generate various other [[harmonics]] and  [[subharmonics]] of the note.{{sfn|Lenhoff|Robertson|2019|pp=85–86}} While each individual drawbar generates a relatively pure sound similar to a flute or electronic oscillator, more complex sounds can be created by mixing the drawbars in varying amounts.{{sfn|Browne|Browne|2001|p=361}} Because of this, the Hammond organ can be considered a type of [[additive synthesis]].{{sfn|Lenhoff|Robertson|2019|p=85}}

Hammond manufactured from 1969 onwards have the footage of each drawbar engraved on its end.{{sfn|Lenhoff|Robertson|2019|p=85}} Some drawbar settings have become well-known and associated with certain musicians. A very popular setting is 888000000 (i.e., with the drawbars labeled "16′", "{{frac|5|1|3}}′" and "8′" fully pulled out), and has been identified as the "classic" Jimmy Smith sound.<ref name="spark"/>

===Presets===
[[File:Hammond preset keys.jpg|thumb|left|Preset keys on a Hammond organ are reverse-colored and sit to the left of the [[manual (music)|manuals]]]]
In addition to drawbars, many Hammond tonewheel organ models also include presets, which make predefined drawbar combinations available at the press of a button. Console organs have one octave of reverse colored keys (naturals are black, sharps and flats are white) to the left of each manual, with each key activating a preset; the far left key (C), also known as the cancel key, de-activates all presets, and results in no sound coming from that manual. The two right-most preset keys (B and B{{music|flat}}) activate the corresponding set of drawbars for that manual, while the other preset keys produce preselected drawbar settings that are internally wired into the preset panel.<ref>
{{cite AV media
| title=Inside of Hammond Organ
| url=http://www.theatreorgans.com/hammond/ABACK.JPG
| medium=photograph
| publisher=TheatreOrgans.com
}}</ref>

===Vibrato and chorus===
Hammond organs have a built-in [[vibrato]] effect that provides a small variation in pitch while a note is being played, and a [[chorus effect]] where a note's sound is combined with another sound at a slightly different and varying pitch. The best known vibrato and chorus system consists of six settings, V1, V2, V3, C1, C2 and C3 (i.e., three each of vibrato and chorus), which can be selected via a rotary switch. Vibrato / chorus can be selected for each manual independently.{{sfn|Faragher|2011|p=52}}

===Harmonic percussion===
The B-3 and C-3 models introduced the concept of "Harmonic Percussion", which was designed to emulate the percussive sounds of the [[harp]], [[xylophone]], and [[marimba]].{{sfn|Faragher|2011|p=53}} When selected, this feature plays a decaying second- or third-harmonic [[overtone]] when a key is pressed. The selected percussion harmonic fades out, leaving the sustained tones the player selected with the drawbars. The volume of this percussive effect is selectable as either normal or soft.{{sfn|Clark|1999|p=47}} Harmonic Percussion retriggers only after all notes have been released, so legato passages sound the effect only on the first note or chord, making Harmonic Percussion uniquely a "single-trigger", but still a polyphonic effect.<ref name="reid200401">{{cite journal
| last       = Reid |first=Gordon
| title      = Synthesizing Hammond Organ Effects
| url        = http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan04/articles/synthsecrets.htm
| journal  = Sound on Sound
| date       = January 2004
| access-date = July 30, 2013
}}</ref>

===Start and run switches===

[[File:Hammond B-3 START-RUN.jpg|thumb|upright|Console Hammond organs such as the B-3 require two switches:<br>"Start" to drive the [[starter motor]] and<br>"Run" to drive the main tonewheel generator.]]

Before a Hammond organ can produce sound, the motor that drives the tonewheels must come up to speed. On most models, starting a Hammond organ involves two switches. The "Start" switch turns a dedicated [[starter motor]], which must run for about 12 seconds. Then, the "Run" switch is turned on for about four seconds. The "Start" switch is then released, whereupon the organ is ready to generate sound.{{sfn|Vail|2002|p=69}}{{sfn|Lenhoff|Robertson|2019|p=84}} The H-100 and E-series consoles and L-100 and T-100 spinet organs, however, had a self-starting motor that required only a single "On" switch.{{sfn|Vail|2002|pages=83,87}} A [[pitch bend]] effect can be created on the Hammond organ by turning the "Run" switch off and on again. This briefly cuts power to the generators, causing them to run at a slower pace and generate a lower pitch for a short time. Hammond's New B3 contains similar switches to emulate this effect, though it is a digital instrument.<ref name="robjohns"/>{{sfn|Faragher|2011|p=369}}