Editing Hakka people (section)

==Origin and identity==
===Migrations===
[[File:5 historical hakka migrations.svg|thumb|Historical Hakka migrations]]
The Hakka, a group of nomadic peoples originating from the North, arrived in southern China much later than other southern Han Chinese populations. These earlier waves of [[Southward expansion of the Han dynasty|southern Han Chinese immigrants]] occupied the coastal areas and fertile lowlands and had already formed distinctive cultural identities and dialects. Consequently, the Hakka were forced to locate their settlements on marginal territories and relatively infertile land.
<ref>{{cite book|title=Networks beyond Empires: Chinese Business and Nationalism in Hong Kong …|first= Huei-Ying|last=Kuo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edu.ocac.gov.tw/lang/hakka/english/a/a.htm|title=The Hakka People|website=全球華文網路教育中心|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909162739/http://edu.ocac.gov.tw/lang/hakka/english/a/a.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ocac" />

=== Genetic findings ===
Studies show extensive gene flows and a very close relationship between the Hakka and the surrounding Han Chinese populations in the south.<ref name="Chen" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Luo |first1=Chunfang |last2=Duan |first2=Lizhong |last3=Li |first3=Yanning |last4=Xie |first4=Qiqian |last5=Wang |first5=Lingxiang |last6=Ru |first6=Kai |last7=Nazir |first7=Shahid |last8=Jawad |first8=Muhammad |last9=Zhao |first9=Yifeng |last10=Wang |first10=Fenfen |last11=Du |first11=Zhengming |last12=Peng |first12=Dehua |last13=Wen |first13=Shao-Qing |last14=Qiu |first14=Pingming |last15=Fan |first15=Haoliang |date=2021-05-24 |title=Insights From Y-STRs: Forensic Characteristics, Genetic Affinities, and Linguistic Classifications of Guangdong Hakka and She Groups |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |language=English |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2021.676917 |issn=1664-8021 |doi-access=free|pmid=34108995 |pmc=8181459 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Feng |first1=Yuhang |last2=Zhao |first2=Yutao |last3=Lu |first3=Xiaoyu |last4=Li |first4=Haiyan |last5=Zhao |first5=Kai |last6=Shi |first6=Meisen |last7=Wen |first7=Shaoqing |date=2024-01-22 |title=Forensic analysis and sequence variation of 133 STRs in the Hakka population |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |volume=15 |pages=1347868 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2024.1347868 |issn=1664-8021 |pmc=10839782 |pmid=38317659 |doi-access=free}}</ref> According to a 2009 study published in the ''[[American Journal of Human Genetics]]'', Hakka are principally of Han Chinese descent,<ref name="Chen" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> exhibiting an average genetic difference of 0.32% with other tested Han Chinese persons.<ref name="Chen" /> Nonetheless, compared with other southern Han Chinese groups, the Hakka genetic profile exhibits a slight skew towards northern Han people.<ref name="Chen" /><ref name=":1" /> This is in line with their migratory history as later arrivals to the south than the other Han Chinese groups.

===Cultural identity===
[[File:客家 Xaque - Hakka Couple in the Philippines - Boxer Codex (1590).jpg|thumb|Hakka peasants wearing [[Hanfu]] during [[Ming dynasty]], as depicted in the [[Boxer Codex]] (1590)]]

The Hakka identify as Han Chinese and genetic studies show they are principally of Han ancestry,<ref name=":0" /> despite a recorded history of intermarriage with minority groups such as the [[Yao people|Yao]] and the [[She people|She]]. Furthermore, the Hakka language belongs to the [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic group of languages]], being linguistically proximate to the [[Gan Chinese|Gan dialect]] of Jiangxi. The Hakka also exhibit traditional Confucian values, such as a respect for family, ancestor veneration, and a commitment to both learning and the ideals of a Confucian gentleman. Finally, they carry Han Chinese surnames and use Han Chinese naming conventions. [[Lingnan]] Hakka place names indicate a long history of the Hakka being culturally Han Chinese.<ref>{{cite book |author=Herold Jacob Wiens |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001257219 |title=China's march toward the tropics: a discussion of the southward penetration of China's culture, peoples, and political control in relation to the non-Han-Chinese peoples of south China and in the perspective of historical and cultural geography |publisher=Shoe String Press |year=1954 |page=270 |chapter=Chapter VIII: Ethnic Distribution |lccn=54013401 |oclc=576470153 |quote=taste which alone are sufficient to demonstrate that the ancestors of the Hakka had long been in the ranks of the Han-Chinese civilization. In the Hakka region, more than elsewhere in Ling-nan, are such excellent old names as Fu-yung-chang (Hibiscus Range), Chin-p'ing Shan (Brocade-screen Mountains), Sung-yuan-ch'i (Pine-springs)}}</ref> Like the Cantonese, they fiercely insisted on their Han identities and were principal movers of the [[Anti-Qing sentiment| Anti-Qing]] movement.

However, the Hakka differed in their lifestyles and their preferred mode of habitation - living in large communal fortress-like buildings (known as [[Fujian tulou|''tulou'']]) instead of residing in courtyard houses (or ''[[siheyuan]]''). They also settled in marginal or hardscrabble hill land avoided by other Han Chinese subgroups, and in this regard, were considered similar to non-Han aborigines. They also exhibited gender egalitarianism to a greater degree than other southern Chinese.[[File:Hakka in China.png|thumb|Hakka language distribution in mainland China and Taiwan{{image citation needed|date=February 2024}}]]Unlike other Han Chinese groups, the Hakkas are not named after a geographical region, e.g. a province, county or city. The Hakka people have a distinct identity from the [[Cantonese people]]. As 60% of the Hakkas in China reside in Guangdong province, and 95% of overseas Hakkas ancestral homes are in Guangdong. Hakkas from [[Chaoshan]], Guangzhou, and [[Fujian]] may identify only as Chaoshanese, Cantonese, and Hokkien.

===Distant origins===
It is commonly held that the Hakkas are a subgroup of the Han Chinese that originated in the central plains.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Constable|first1=Nicole|title=Guest People: Hakka Identity in China and Abroad|date=2005|publisher= Univ. of Washington Press|location=Seattle|isbn=9780295984872|page=9}}</ref><ref name=hu-sp/> To trace their origins, a number of theories so far have been brought forth among anthropologists, linguists and historians:<ref name=wang/>

#the Hakkas are Han Chinese originating solely from the [[Central Plain (China)|Central Plain]];<ref name=wang/>
#the Hakkas are northern Han Chinese from the Central Plain with some inflow of Han Chinese from the south;<ref name=wang/>
#the Hakkas are southern Han Chinese with some inflow of northern Han Chinese from the Central Plain.<ref name=wang/>

The theories indicating a descent from both northern and southern Han are the most likely and are together supported by multiple scientific studies into the genetics.<ref name=hu-sp>{{cite journal|last=Hu|first=SP|author2=Luan, JA|author3=Li, B|author4=Chen, JX|author5=Cai, KL|author6=Huang, LQ|author7=Xu, XY|title=Genetic link between Chaoshan and other Chinese Han populations: Evidence from HLA-A and HLA-B allele frequency distribution|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|date=January 2007|volume=132|issue=1|pages=140–50|pmid=16883565|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20460}}</ref><ref name=wang>{{cite journal|last=Wang|first=WZ|author2=Wang, CY|author3=Cheng, YT|author4=Xu, AL|author5=Zhu, CL|author6=Wu, SF|author7=Kong, QP|author8=Zhang, YP|title=Tracing the origins of Hakka and Chaoshanese by mitochondrial DNA analysis|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|date=January 2010|volume=141|issue=1|pages=124–30|pmid=19591216|doi=10.1002/ajpa.21124|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Chen">{{cite journal |last=Chen |first=Jieming |author2=Zheng, Houfeng |author3=Bei, Jin-Xin |author4=Sun, Liangdan |author5=Jia, Wei-hua |author6=Li, Tao |author7=Zhang, Furen |author8=Seielstad, Mark |author9=Zeng, Yi-Xin |author10=Zhang, Xuejun |author11=Liu, Jianjun |date=1 December 2009 |title=Genetic Structure of the Han Chinese Population Revealed by Genome-wide SNP Variation |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=85 |issue=6 |pages=775–785 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.016 |pmc=2790583 |pmid=19944401}}</ref> Furthermore, research into the mitochondrial DNA of the Hakka indicates that the majority of their matrilineal gene pool consists of lineages prevalent in the southern Han.<ref name=wang/> Clyde Kiang stated that the Hakkas' origins may also be linked with ancient neighbors of the Han, the [[Dongyi]] and [[Xiongnu]] people.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.taiwandocuments.org/language.htm|title=Related Topics: Non-legal Considerations: Language|publisher=Taiwandocuments.org|access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> However, this is disputed by many scholars and Kiang's theories are considered to be false.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cheung|first=Sidney C.H.|title=On the south China track: Perspectives on anthropological research and teaching|year=1998|publisher=Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, Chinese University of Hong Kong|location=Hong Kong|isbn=978-962-441-540-7|page=160}}</ref>

Hakka Chinese scientist and researcher Dr. Siu-Leung Lee stated in the book by Chung Yoon-Ngan, ''The Hakka Chinese: Their Origin, Folk Songs And Nursery Rhymes'', that the potential Hakka origins from the Northern Han and [[Xiongnu]] and that of the indigenous Southern [[She people|She]] and [[Baiyue|Yue]] tribes, "are all correct, yet none alone explain the origin of the Hakka", pointing out that the problem with [[DNA profiling]] on limited numbers of people within population pools cannot correctly ascertain who is really the Southern Chinese, because many Southern Chinese are also from Northern Asia; Hakka or non-Hakka.<ref>{{cite book|last=Choon|first=Yoon Ngan|title=The Hakka Chinese: Their Origin, Folk Songs And Nursery Rhymes|year=2005|publisher=Poseidon Books|location=BURLEIGH MDC QLD. 4220, AUSTRALIA|isbn=978-1-921005-50-3}}</ref> It is known that the earliest major waves of Hakka migration began due to the attacks of the two aforementioned tribes during the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)]].<ref name="Pioneers">{{cite book|last=Lee|first=Khoon Choy|title=Pioneers of modern China : understanding the inscrutable Chinese|year=2006|publisher=World Scientific Publishing|location=River Edge, New Jersey|page=62|isbn=9789812566188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jlOQc8BumIC&q=peru+20%2C000+Britain+15%2C200%2C+Vietnam+15.000&pg=PA65}}</ref>

=== Definitional problems and disambiguation ===
The study of this population group is complicated by linguistic uncertainty and nomenclatural ambiguity in the historical record. The term ''Hakka'' ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|客|家}}}}) is sometimes broadly used to refer to other southern Han Chinese groups during their southward migration. Imperial census statistics did not distinguish what [[varieties of Chinese]] the population spoke. Some family genealogies also employ the term Hakka ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|客|家}}}}) to refer to their southward migration, even though they belonged to the earlier groups of Han Chinese settlers and did not speak a Gan-affiliated language. These clans would be properly regarded as belonging to local dialect groups due to the timing of their arrival, the language they spoke, the customs they practiced, and the route of their traversal. These families were not part of the groups of settlers today associated with the Hakka, who arrived in southern China at a much later date through Jiangxi province and who spoke a Gan-affiliated language.

For example, the study by [[Lo Hsiang-lin]], ''K'o-chia Yen-chiu Tao-Liu / An Introduction to the Study of the Hakkas'' (Hsin-Ning & Singapore, 1933) used genealogical sources of family clans from various southern counties, leading to the inclusion of native southern Han Chinese families into the Hakka category.