Editing Hades (section)

==Name==
{{anchor|Etymology|Word|Epithets}}
The origin of Hades's name is uncertain but has generally been seen as meaning "the unseen one" since [[classical antiquity|antiquity]]. An extensive section of [[Plato]]'s [[Platonic dialogue|dialogue]] [[Cratylus (dialogue)|''Cratylus'']] is devoted to the etymology of the god's name, in which [[Socrates]] is arguing for a [[folk etymology]] not from "unseen" but from "his knowledge (''[[wikt:εἴδω|eidenai]]'') of all noble things". [[linguistics|Modern linguists]] have proposed the [[Proto-Greek]] form *''Awides'' ("unseen").<ref>According to Dixon-Kennedy, [https://archive.org/stream/MikeDixonKennedy.......encyclopediaOfGrecoRomanMythologybyHouseOfBooks/MikeDixonKennedy.......encyclopediaOfGreco-romanMythologybyHouseOfBooks#page/n159/mode/2up p. 143] (following [[Karl Kerenyi|Kerényi]] 1951, p. 230) says "...his name means 'the unseen', a direct contrast to his brother Zeus, who was originally seen to represent the brightness of day". Ivanov, p. 284, citing Beekes 1998, pp. 17–19, notes that derivation of Hades from a proposed *''som wid-'' is semantically untenable; see also Beekes 2009, p. 34.</ref> The earliest attested form is ''Aḯdēs'' ({{lang|grc|Ἀΐδης}}), which lacks the proposed [[digamma]]. [[Martin Litchfield West]] argues instead for an original meaning of "the one who presides over meeting up" from the universality of death.<ref>[[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]], ''Indo-European Poetry and Myth'', OUP, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC&pg=PA394 p. 394].</ref>

[[File:Amphora Hades Louvre G209 n2.jpg|thumb|left|Hades (right) and Persephone (left). Detail from an Attic red-figure amphora, {{Circa|470 BC}}. From Italy]]
In [[Homeric Greek|Homeric]] and [[Ionic Greek]], he was known as ''Áïdēs''.<ref>Bailly, ''s.v.'' Ἅιδης.</ref> Other poetic variations of the name include ''Aïdōneús'' ({{lang|grc|Ἀϊδωνεύς}}) and the inflected forms ''Áïdos'' ({{lang|grc|Ἄϊδος}}, [[genitive case|gen]].), ''Áïdi'' ({{lang|grc|Ἄϊδι}}, [[dative case|dat.]]), and ''Áïda'' ({{lang|grc|Ἄϊδα}}, [[accusative case|acc.]]), whose [[linguistic reconstruction|reconstructed]] [[nominative case]] *''Áïs'' ({{lang|grc|*Ἄϊς}}) is, however, not attested.<ref>Bailly, ''s.v.'' *Ἄϊς.</ref> The name as it came to be known in [[classical antiquity|classical times]] was ''Háidēs'' ({{lang|grc|Ἅιδης}}). [[late antiquity|Later]] the iota became silent, [[Byzantine Greek|then]] a [[iota subscript|subscript marking]] ({{lang|grc|ᾍδης}}), and [[modern Greek|finally]] omitted entirely ({{lang|el|Άδης}}).<ref>See [[Ancient Greek phonology]] and [[modern Greek]].</ref>

Perhaps from fear of pronouncing his name, around the 5th century BC, the Greeks started referring to Hades as [[Pluto (mythology)|Plouton]] ({{lang|grc|[[wikt:Πλούτων|Πλούτων]], }} ''Ploútōn'', {{IPA|grc|ˈpluː.tɔːn|}}), with a root meaning "wealthy", considering that from the abode below (i.e., the soil) come riches (e.g., fertile crops, metals and so on).<ref>Bailly, ''s.v.'' Πλούτων.</ref> Plouton became the Roman god who both rules the underworld and distributed riches from below. This deity was a mixture of the Greek god Hades and the [[Eleusis|Eleusinian]] icon Ploutos, and from this he also received a priestess, which was not previously practiced in Greece.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Gale Virtual Reference|url = http://go.galegroup.com|access-date = 2015-11-18|archive-date = 2011-05-21|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110521185035/http://go.galegroup.com/|url-status = dead}}</ref> More elaborate names of the same genre were ''Ploutodótēs'' ({{lang|grc|Πλουτοδότης}}, {{IPA|grc|pluː.toˈdo.tεːs|}}) or ''Ploutodotḗr'' ({{lang|grc|Πλουτοδοτήρ}}, {{IPA|grc|pluː.to.doˈtεːr|}}), meaning "giver of wealth".<ref>[[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'', 806, note. [http://www.theoi.com/Text/AeschylusPrometheus.html Translated by Smyth, Herbert Weir (1922)] in [[Loeb Classical Library]], Volume 145.</ref>

[[Epithet#Religion|Epithets]] of Hades include ''Agesander'' ({{lang|grc|Ἀγήσανδρος}}, {{IPA|grc|aˈgεː.san.dros|}}) and ''Agesilaos'' ({{lang|grc|Ἀγεσίλαος}}<!-- sic; not -γη- -->, {{IPA|grc|a.geˈsi.la.os|}}),<ref name="DGRBM">{{Cite book |last=Schmitz |first=Leonhard |author-link=Leonhard Schmitz |contribution=Agesander (1) |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=William |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology |volume=1 |pages=68 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |place=Boston |year=1867 |contribution-url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0077.html |title-link=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology |access-date=2013-11-26 |archive-date=2013-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012030356/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0077.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> both from ''ágō'' ({{lang|grc|[[wikt:ἄγω|ἄγω]]}}, "lead", "carry" or "fetch") and ''anḗr'' ({{lang|grc|[[wikt:ἀνήρ|ἀνήρ]]}}, "man") or ''laos'' ({{lang|grc|[[wikt:λαός|λαός]]}}, "men" or "people"), describing Hades as the god who carries away all.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Liddell |first1=Henry |author-link=Henry Liddell |first2=Robert |last2=Scott |author-link2=Robert Scott (philologist) |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |location=Oxford |pages=s.v |isbn=0-19-864226-1|title-link=A Greek-English Lexicon }}</ref><ref>[[Callimachus]], ''Hymn. in Pallad.'' 130, with [[Friedrich Spanheim]]'s note; [[Hesychius of Alexandria]] ''s.v.''; Aeschyl. ''ap. Athen.'' iii. p. 99</ref> [[Nicander]] uses the form ''Hegesilaus'' ({{lang|grc|Ἡγεσίλαος}}, {{IPA|grc|hεː.geˈsi.la.os|}}).<ref>[[Nicander]], ''ap. Athen.'' xv. p. 684</ref>

He was also referred to as ''Zeus katachthonios'' (Ζεὺς καταχθόνιος, {{IPA|grc|zdeu̯s ka.taˈkʰtʰo.ni.os|}}),<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aalphabetic+letter%3D*z%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3D*zeu%2Fs "Ζεύς"] in: ''An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon'' by Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott.</ref> meaning "the Zeus of the underworld", by those avoiding his actual name, as he had complete control over the underworld.<ref name=":3" />