Editing Hacktivism (section)

== Origins and definitions ==
Writer Jason Sack first used the term hacktivism in a 1995 article in conceptualizing [[new media art|New Media]] artist [[Shu Lea Cheang]]'s film ''[[Fresh Kill]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Logan|first=Jason|date=November 1995|title=Take the Skinheads Bowling|url=http://info-nation.com/skinhead.html|url-status=dead|magazine=InfoNation|location=Minneapolis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970207061623/http://info-nation.com/skinhead.html|archive-date=7 February 1997|access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Webber|first1=Craig|last2=Yip|first2=Michael|date=June 2018|title=The Rise of Chinese Cyber Warriors: Towards a Theoretical Model of Online Hacktivism|url=https://www.cybercrimejournal.com/Webber%26YipVol12Issue1IJCC2018.pdf|journal=International Journal of Cyber Criminology|volume=12|issue=1|page=230|access-date=2020-07-13|archive-date=2022-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621062324/http://www.cybercrimejournal.com/Webber%26YipVol12Issue1IJCC2018.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, the term is frequently attributed to the [[Cult of the Dead Cow]] (cDc) member "Omega," who used it in a 1996 e-mail to the group.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last1=Shantz|first1=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nRjtBAAAQBAJ|title=Cyber Disobedience: Re: // Presenting Online Anarchy|last2=Tomblin|first2=Jordon|date=2014-11-28|publisher=John Hunt Publishing|isbn=9781782795551|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116134639/https://books.google.com/books?id=nRjtBAAAQBAJ|archive-date=2015-11-16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mills|first=Elinor|date=30 March 2012|title=Old-time hacktivists: Anonymous, you've crossed the line|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/old-time-hacktivists-anonymous-youve-crossed-the-line/|access-date=3 June 2019|website=CNet}}</ref> Due to the variety of meanings of its root words, the definition of hacktivism is nebulous and there exists significant disagreement over the kinds of activities and purposes it encompasses. Some definitions include acts of [[cyberterrorism]] while others simply reaffirm the use of technological hacking to effect social change.<ref>Peter Ludlow [http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/13/what-is-a-hacktivist/ "What is a 'Hacktivist'?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521020503/http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/13/what-is-a-hacktivist/|date=2013-05-21}} The New York Times. January 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jordon|first=Tomblin|date=2015-01-01|title=The Rehearsal and Performance of Lawful Access|url=https://curve.carleton.ca/4c458bdb-33fb-42b1-bf6b-a390e973c792|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203055526/https://curve.carleton.ca/4c458bdb-33fb-42b1-bf6b-a390e973c792|archive-date=2016-02-03|access-date=2016-01-16|website=curve.carleton.ca}}</ref>