Editing HAL 9000 (section)

==Appearances==

===''2001: A Space Odyssey'' (film/novel)===
HAL became operational in [[Urbana, Illinois]], at the HAL Plant (the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois]]'s [[Coordinated Science Laboratory]], where the [[ILLIAC]] computers were built). The film says this occurred in 1992, while the book gives 1997 as HAL's birth year.<ref name="Urbana 1992/7">{{Cite magazine| date=12 January 2011|title=HAL of a Computer| url= https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/tag/university-of-illinois | magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |first=Randy|last=Alfred| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110629023223/http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/tag/university-of-illinois/| archive-date= 29 June 2011| access-date= 30 May 2019}}</ref>

In ''2001: A Space Odyssey'' (1968), HAL is initially considered a dependable member of the crew, maintaining ship functions and engaging genially with his human crew-mates on an equal footing. As a recreational activity, [[Frank Poole]] [[Poole versus HAL 9000|plays chess against HAL]]. In the film, the artificial intelligence is shown to triumph easily. However, as time progresses, HAL begins to malfunction in subtle ways and, as a result, the decision is made to shut down HAL in order to prevent more serious malfunctions. The sequence of events and manner in which HAL is shut down differs between the novel and film versions of the story. In the aforementioned game of chess HAL makes minor and undetected mistakes in his analysis, a possible foreshadowing to HAL's malfunctioning.

In the film, astronauts [[David Bowman (Space Odyssey)|David Bowman]] and Frank Poole consider disconnecting HAL's [[Cognition|cognitive]] circuits when he appears to be mistaken in reporting the presence of a fault in the spacecraft's communications antenna. They attempt to conceal what they are saying, but are unaware that HAL can [[lip reading|read their lips]]. Faced with the prospect of disconnection, HAL attempts to kill the astronauts in order to protect and continue the mission. HAL uses one of the ''Discovery''{{'}}s EVA pods to kill Poole while he is repairing the ship. When Bowman, without a space helmet, uses another pod to attempt to rescue Poole, HAL locks him out of the ship, then disconnects the life support systems of the other hibernating crew members. After HAL tells him "This mission is too important for me to allow you to jeopardize it", Bowman circumvents HAL's control, entering the ship by manually opening an emergency airlock with his service pod's clamps, detaching the pod door via its explosive bolts. Bowman jumps across empty space, reenters ''Discovery'', and quickly re-pressurizes the airlock.

While HAL's motivations are ambiguous in the film, the novel explains that the computer is unable to resolve a conflict between his general mission to relay information accurately, and orders specific to the mission requiring that he withhold from Bowman and Poole the true purpose of the mission. With the crew dead, HAL reasons, he would not need to lie to them.

In the novel, the orders to disconnect HAL come from Dave and Frank's superiors on Earth. After Frank is killed while attempting to repair the communications antenna he is pulled away into deep space using the safety tether which is still attached to both the pod and Frank Poole's spacesuit. Dave begins to revive his hibernating crew mates, but is foiled when HAL vents the ship's atmosphere into the vacuum of space, killing the awakening crew members and almost killing Bowman, who is only narrowly saved when he finds his way to an emergency chamber which has its own oxygen supply and a spare space suit inside.

In both versions, Bowman then proceeds to shut down the machine. In the film, HAL's central core is depicted as a crawlspace full of brightly lit computer modules mounted in arrays from which they can be inserted or removed. Bowman shuts down HAL by removing modules from service one by one; as he does so, HAL's consciousness degrades. HAL finally reverts to material that was programmed into him early in his memory, including announcing the date he became operational as 12 January 1992 (in the novel, 1997). When HAL's logic is completely gone, he begins singing the song "[[Daisy Bell]]" as he gradually deactivates (in actuality, the first song sung by a computer, which Clarke had earlier observed at a [[speech synthesis|text-to-speech]] demonstration).<ref name="bell labs hal"/><ref name=IBMsDaisy1961>{{Cite book|date=23 June 2010|chapter=News from the Library of Congress|title=National Recording Registry Adds 25|series=(No.14) "Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)," Max Mathews (1961)|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|url=https://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2010/10-116.html|access-date=14 January 2011|archive-date=7 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207021653/http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2010/10-116.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 December 2008|title=First computer to sing - Daisy Bell|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41U78QP8nBk|via=[[YouTube]]|access-date=14 January 2010|archive-date=18 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618035213/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41U78QP8nBk|url-status=live}}</ref> HAL's final act of any significance is to prematurely play a prerecorded message from Mission Control which reveals the true reasons for the mission to Jupiter.

===''2010: Odyssey Two'' (novel) and ''2010: The Year We Make Contact'' (film)===
In the 1982 novel ''[[2010: Odyssey Two]]'' written by Clarke, HAL is restarted by his creator, Dr. Chandra, who arrives on the Soviet spaceship ''Leonov''.

{{Anchor|SAL 9000}}Prior to leaving Earth, Dr. Chandra has also had a discussion with HAL's twin, SAL 9000. Like HAL, SAL was created by Dr. Chandra. Whereas HAL was characterized as being "male", SAL is characterized as being "female" (voiced by [[Candice Bergen]] in the film) and is represented by a blue camera eye instead of a red one.

Dr. Chandra discovers that HAL's crisis was caused by a programming contradiction: he was constructed for "the accurate processing of information without distortion or concealment", yet his orders, directly from Dr. Heywood Floyd at the National Council on Astronautics, required him to keep the discovery of the [[Monolith (Space Odyssey)|Monolith]] TMA-1 a secret for reasons of [[national security]]. This contradiction created a "Hofstadter-Moebius loop", reducing HAL to [[paranoia]]. Therefore, HAL made the decision to kill the crew, thereby allowing him to obey both his hardwired instructions to report data truthfully and in full, and his orders to keep the monolith a secret. In essence: if the crew were dead, he would no longer have to keep the information secret.

The alien intelligence initiates a [[terraforming]] scheme, placing the ''Leonov'', and everybody in it, in danger. Its human crew devises an escape plan which unfortunately requires leaving the ''Discovery'' and HAL behind to be destroyed. Dr. Chandra explains the danger, and HAL willingly sacrifices himself so that the astronauts may escape safely. In the moment of his destruction the monolith-makers transform HAL into a [[Incorporeality|non-corporeal]] being so that David Bowman's avatar may have a companion.

The details in the novel and the 1984 film ''[[2010: The Year We Make Contact]]'' are nominally the same, with a few exceptions. First, in contradiction to the book (and events described in both book and film versions of ''2001: A Space Odyssey''), Heywood Floyd is absolved of responsibility for HAL's condition; it is asserted that the decision to program HAL with information concerning TMA-1 came directly from the White House.  In the film, HAL functions normally after being reactivated, while in the book it is revealed that his mind was damaged during the shutdown, forcing him to begin communication through screen text. Also, in the film the ''Leonov'' crew initially lies to HAL about the dangers that he faced (suspecting that if he knew he would be destroyed he would not initiate the engine burn necessary to get the ''Leonov'' back home), whereas in the novel he is told at the outset. However, in both cases the suspense comes from the question of what HAL will do when he knows that he may be destroyed by his actions.

In the novel, the basic reboot sequence initiated by Dr. Chandra is quite long, while the movie uses a shorter sequence voiced from HAL as: "HELLO_DOCTOR_NAME_CONTINUE_YESTERDAY_TOMORROW".

While Curnow tells Floyd that Dr. Chandra has begun designing HAL 10000, it has not been mentioned in subsequent novels.

===''2061: Odyssey Three'' and ''3001: The Final Odyssey''===
In Clarke's 1987 novel ''[[2061: Odyssey Three]]'', [[Heywood R. Floyd|Heywood Floyd]] is surprised to encounter HAL, now stored alongside Dave Bowman in the Europa monolith.

In Clarke's 1997 novel ''[[3001: The Final Odyssey]]'', Frank Poole is introduced to the merged form of Dave Bowman and HAL, the two merging into one entity called "Halman" after Bowman rescued HAL from the dying ''[[Discovery One]]'' spaceship toward the end of ''[[2010: Odyssey Two]]''.