Editing Guy Fawkes (section)

==Early life==

===Childhood===
[[File:St Michael le Belfrey (21st October 2010) 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Photo|Fawkes was baptised on 16 April 1570 at the church of [[St Michael le Belfrey, York]], next to [[York Minster]] (seen at left).]]
Guy Fawkes was born in 1570 in [[Stonegate (York)|Stonegate]], York. He was the second of four children born to Edward Fawkes, a [[proctor]] and an advocate of the [[consistory court]] at York,{{efn|According to one source, he may have been Registrar of the Exchequer Court of the Archbishop.{{sfn|Haynes|2005|pp=28–29}}}} and his wife, Edith.{{efn|Fawkes's mother's maiden name is alternatively given as Edith Blake,<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.gunpowder-plot.org/fawkes.asp |title=Guy Fawkes |publisher=The Gunpowder Plot Society |access-date=19 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318043708/http://www.gunpowder-plot.org/fawkes.asp |archive-date=18 March 2010 }}</ref> or Edith Jackson.<ref name="ODNB Fawkes"/>}} Guy's parents were regular [[communicant]]s of the [[Church of England]], as were his paternal grandparents; his grandmother, born Ellen Harrington, was the daughter of a prominent merchant, who served as [[Lord Mayor of York]] in 1536.<ref>"Fawkes, Guy" in ''[[Dictionary of National Biography|The Dictionary of National Biography]],'' [[Leslie Stephen]], ed., Oxford University Press, London (1921–1922).</ref> Guy's mother's family were [[recusant]] Catholics, and his cousin, Richard Cowling, became a [[Jesuit]] priest.<ref name="Fraser 2005 84">{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|p=84}}</ref> ''Guy'' was an uncommon name in England, but may have been popular in York on account of a local notable, Sir [[Guy Fairfax]] of Steeton.<ref name="Sharpep48">{{Harvnb|Sharpe|2005|p=48}}</ref>

The date of Fawkes's birth is unknown, but he was [[baptised]] in the church of [[St Michael le Belfrey, York]] on 16 April. As the customary gap between birth and baptism was three days, he was probably born about 13 April.<ref name="Fraser 2005 84"/> In 1568, Edith had given birth to a daughter named Anne, but the child died aged about seven weeks, in November that year. She bore two more children after Guy: Anne (b.&nbsp;1572), and Elizabeth (b.&nbsp;1575). Both were married, in 1599 and 1594, respectively.<ref name="Sharpep48"/>{{sfn|Fraser|2005|p=86&nbsp;(note)}}

In 1579, when Guy was eight years old, his father died. His mother remarried several years later, to the Catholic Dionis Baynbrigge (or Denis Bainbridge) of [[Scotton, Harrogate]]. Fawkes may have become a Catholic through the Baynbrigge family's recusant tendencies, and also the Catholic branches of the Pulleyn and Percy families of Scotton,{{sfn|Sharpe|2005|p=49}} but also from his time at [[St Peter's School, York|St. Peter's School]] in York. A governor of the school had spent about 20&nbsp;years in prison for recusancy, and its headmaster, John Pulleyn, came from a family of noted Yorkshire recusants, the Pulleyns of [[Blubberhouses]]. In her 1915 work ''The Pulleynes of Yorkshire'', author Catharine Pullein suggested that Fawkes's Catholic education came from his Harrington relatives, who were known for harbouring priests, one of whom later accompanied Fawkes to [[Flanders]] in 1592–93.<ref name="Herber"/> Fawkes's fellow students included [[John and Christopher Wright|John Wright]] and his brother [[John and Christopher Wright|Christopher]] (both later involved with Fawkes in the [[Gunpowder Plot]]) and [[Oswald Tesimond]], [[Edward Oldcorne]] and Robert Middleton, who became priests (the latter executed in 1601).{{sfn|Fraser|2005|pp=84–85}}

After leaving school Fawkes entered the service of [[Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu]].<!-- Browne was one of the leading statesmen during the time of Catholic [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], and was also allegedly implicated in the [[Ridolfi plot]] --> The Viscount took a dislike to Fawkes and after a short time dismissed him; he was subsequently employed by [[Anthony-Maria Browne, 2nd Viscount Montagu]], who succeeded his grandfather at the age of&nbsp;18.{{sfn|Fraser|2005|pp=85–86}} At least one source claims that Fawkes married and had a son, but no known contemporary accounts confirm this.<ref name="Fraserp86">{{Harvnb|Fraser|2005|p=86}}</ref>{{efn|According to the [[International Genealogical Index]], compiled by the [[Family History Library|LDS Church]], Fawkes married Maria Pulleyn (b. 1569) in Scotton in 1590, and had a son, Thomas, on 6 February 1591.<ref name="Herber">{{citation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617064347/http://www.gunpowder-plot.org/news/1998_04/gfmp.htm |archive-date=17 June 2011 |url=http://www.gunpowder-plot.org/news/1998_04/gfmp.htm |publisher=The Gunpowder Plot Society |contribution=The Marriage of Guy Fawkes and Maria Pulleyn |title=The Gunpowder Plot Society Newsletter |issue= 1 |date=April 1998 |last=Herber |first=David |access-date=16 February 2010}}</ref> These entries, however, appear to derive from a secondary source and not from actual parish entries.<ref name="Fraserp86"/>}}<!-- After renting them out for a while as a way to earn money, he sold his stakes in them to Anne Skipsey.{{fact|date=November 2010}} -->

===Military career===
In October 1591 Fawkes sold the estate in [[Clifton, York|Clifton]] in York that he had inherited from his father.{{efn|Although the ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' claims 1592, multiple alternative sources give 1591 as the date. Peter Beal, ''A Dictionary of English Manuscript Terminology, 1450 to 2000'', includes a signed indenture of the sale of the estate dated 14 October 1591. (pp. 198–199)}} He travelled to the continent to fight in the [[Eighty Years' War]] for Catholic Spain against the new [[Dutch Republic]] and, from 1595 until the [[Peace of Vervins]] in 1598, France. Although England was not by then engaged in land operations against Spain, the two countries were [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|still at war]], and the attempted invasion of England, led by the [[Spanish Armada]] in 1588, was only five years in the past. He joined [[William Stanley (born 1548)|Sir William Stanley]], an English Catholic and veteran commander in his mid-forties who had raised an army in Ireland to fight in [[Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester|Leicester's expedition to the Netherlands]]. Stanley had been held in high regard by [[Elizabeth I]], but following his surrender of [[Deventer]] to the Spanish in 1587 he, and most of his troops, had switched sides to serve Spain. Fawkes became an {{lang|es|[[alférez (rank)|alférez]]}} or junior officer, fought well at the [[Siege of Calais (1596)|siege of Calais in 1596]], and by 1603 had been recommended for a [[Captain (armed forces)|captaincy]].<ref name="ODNB Fawkes">{{citation |last=Nicholls |first=Mark |contribution=Fawkes, Guy (bap. 1570, d. 1606) |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |edition=online |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/9230 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/9230}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref> That year, he travelled to Spain to seek support for a Catholic rebellion in England. He used the occasion to adopt the Italian version of his name, Guido, and in his memorandum described [[James VI and I|James I]] (who became king of England that year) as "a heretic", who intended "to have all of the Papist sect driven out of England". He denounced Scotland, and the king's [[favourite]]s among the Scottish nobles, writing "it will not be possible to reconcile these two nations, as they are, for very long".{{sfn|Fraser|2005|p=89}} Although he was received politely, the court of [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]] was unwilling to offer him any support.{{sfn|Fraser|2005|pp=87–90}}