Editing Gustav Radbruch (section)

==Life==
Born in [[Lübeck]], Radbruch studied law in [[University of Munich|Munich]], [[University of Leipzig|Leipzig]] and [[University of Berlin|Berlin]]. He passed his first bar exam ("[[Staatsexamen]]") in Berlin in 1901, and the following year he received his doctorate with a dissertation on "The Theory of Adequate Causation". This was followed in 1903 by his qualification to teach criminal law in [[University of Heidelberg|Heidelberg]]. In 1904, he was appointed Professor of criminal and trial law and legal philosophy in Heidelberg. In 1914 he accepted a call to a professorship in [[University of Königsberg|Königsberg]], and later that year assumed a professorship at [[University of Kiel|Kiel]].<ref name=DHM>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhm.de/lemo/Biografie/gustav-radbruch|title=Biografie Gustav Radbruch (German)|publisher=Deutsches Historisches Museum|access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=Bio>{{cite web|url=http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz97652.html|title=Biografie Gustav Radbruch(German)|publisher=Bayerische Staatsbibliothek|access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref>

Radbruch was a member of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (SPD), and held a seat in the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]] from 1920 to 1924. In 1921–22 and throughout 1923, he was minister of justice in the cabinets of [[Joseph Wirth]] and [[Gustav Stresemann]]. During his time in office, a number of important laws were implemented, such as those giving women access to the justice system, and, after the assassination of Foreign Minister [[Walther Rathenau]], the [[Law for the Protection of the Republic]], which increased the punishments for politically motivated acts of violence and banned organizations that opposed the "constitutional republican form of government" along with their printed matter and meetings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Vor 100 Jahren: Reichstag verabschiedet Gesetz zum Schutz der Republik |trans-title=100 Years Ago: The Reichstag Adopts the Law for the Protection of the Republic |url=https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2022/kw28-kalenderblatt-18-juli-902944 |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=Deutscher Bundestag, Online-Dienste |language=de}}</ref>

In 1926, Radbruch accepted a renewed call to lecture at [[University of Heidelberg|Heidelberg]] where he delivered his inaugural lecture entitled "''Der Mensch im Recht'' (Law's Image of the Human)" as the newly appointed Professor of Criminal Law on 13 November 1926.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Radbruch|first=Gustav|title=Law's Image of the Human|year=2020|translator-last=Jeutner|translator-first=Valentin|journal=Oxford Journal of Legal Studies|volume=40|issue=4|pages=667–681|pmid=33536836|pmc=7839934|doi=10.1093/ojls/gqaa026|doi-access=free}}</ref> After the [[Machtergreifung|Nazi seizure of power]] in January 1933, Radbruch, as a former [[History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic politician]], was dismissed from his university post under the terms of the [[Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service|so-called "Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service" (''"Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums"'')]], as universities, similar to public bodies, were subject to civil service laws and regulations. Despite the employment ban in [[Nazi Germany]], during 1935/36 he was able to spend a year in England, at [[University College, Oxford|University College]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]].   An important practical outcome of this was his book, ''Der Geist des englischen Rechts'' (The Spirit of English Law), although this could be published only in 1945.<ref name=GRlautRA>{{cite web|url=https://www.uni-kiel.de/grosse-forscher/index.php?nid=radbruch&lang=e|last=Alexy|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Alexy|title=Gustav Radbruch|website=Kiel University:History of the University:Famous scholars from Kiel|publisher=Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel|access-date=16 September 2021}}</ref> During the Nazi period, he devoted himself primarily to cultural-historical work.

Immediately after the end of the [[Second World War]] in 1945, he resumed his teaching activities, but died at Heidelberg in 1949 without being able to complete his planned updated edition of his textbook on legal philosophy.

In September 1945, Radbruch published a short paper "''Fünf Minuten Rechtsphilosophie'' (Five Minutes of Legal Philosophy)", which was influential in shaping the [[jurisprudence of values]] (''Wertungsjurisprudenz''), prevalent in the aftermath of World War II as a reaction against [[legal positivism]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Radbruch|first=Gustav|title=Five Minutes of Legal Philosophy (1945)|translator1-last=Litschewski Paulson|translator1-first=Bonnie|translator2-last=Paulson|translator2-first=Stanley L.|journal=Oxford Journal of Legal Studies|year=2006|volume=26|pages=13–15|doi=10.1093/ojls/gqi042}}</ref><ref>See also {{cite journal|last=Radbruch|first=Gustav|title=Statutory Lawlessness and Supra-Statutory Law (1946)|translator1-last=Litschewski Paulson|translator1-first=Bonnie|translator2-last=Paulson|translator2-first=Stanley L.|journal=Oxford Journal of Legal Studies|year=2006|volume=26|pages=1–11|doi=10.1093/ojls/gqi041}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Paulson|first=Stanley L.|title=On the Background and Significance of Gustav Radbruch's Post-War Papers|journal=Oxford Journal of Legal Studies|year=2006|volume=26|pages=17–40|doi=10.1093/ojls/gqi043}}</ref>