Editing Gulbuddin Hekmatyar (section)

==Early life==
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar was born in 1949 in [[Imam Sahib District|Imam Saheb]], [[Kunduz province]], in the north of what was then the [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]], a member of the [[Kharoti]] tribe of [[Ghilji]] [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/DIA_Af-Pak_wanted_posters,_October_2006.pdf |title=Wanted – Gulbuddin Hekmatyar|date=October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019133107/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/DIA_Af-Pak_wanted_posters,_October_2006.pdf|archivedate=October 19, 2021|page=16}}</ref><ref name="Jamestown">{{cite news|url=http://www.jamestown.org/news_details.php?news_id=325|date=29 June 2008|title=Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Return to the Afghan Insurgency|first=Muhammad|last=Tahir|publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]]|accessdate=2008-07-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602104444/http://www.jamestown.org/news_details.php?news_id=325|archivedate=2008-06-02}}</ref> His father, Ghulam Qader, who migrated to Kunduz, is originally from the [[Ghazni province]].<ref name=Jamestown2 /> Afghan businessman and Kharoti tribal leader [[Gholam Serwar Nasher]] deemed Hekmatyar to be a bright young man and sent him to the Mahtab Qala military academy in 1968, but he was expelled due to his political views two years later.<ref name=Jamestown2 /><ref name="hidden">[[Artyom Borovik|Borovik, Artyom]], ''The Hidden War'', 1990. International Relations Publishing House, USSR</ref> From 1969 to 1972, Hekmatyar attended [[Kabul University]]'s engineering department. During his first year at the university he wrote a 149-page book entitled ''The Priority of Sense Over Matter'', where he refutes communists denying the [[existence of God]] by quoting European philosophers and scientists like [[Hegel]] or [[Francesco Redi]].<ref>Chris Sands, Fazelminallah Qazizai, ''Night Letters: Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and the Afghan Islamists Who Changed the World'', Oxford University Press, 2019, pp. 43-44</ref> Though he did not complete his degree, his followers still address him as "Engineer Hekmatyar".<ref name=Jamestown2>{{cite news |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=909&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=181&no_cache=1|title=Gulbuddin Hekmatyar: From Holy Warrior to Wanted Terrorist |accessdate=2008-07-04|last=Marzban|first=Omid|newspaper=Jamestown |date=21 September 2006|publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]]}}</ref><ref name="hidden" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qPVuxclJ4N0C&q=Meena,+heroine+of+Afghanistan|author=Chavis, Melody Ermachild|title=Meena, heroine of Afghanistan: the martyr who founded RAWA, the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan|year=2003|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-312-30689-2|page=208}}</ref>

During his years in university, Hekmatyar joined the [[Muslim Youth|Sazman-i Jawanan-i Musulman]] ("Organization of Muslim Youth")<ref name="Jamestown2" /> which was gaining influence because of its opposition to the Soviet influence in Afghanistan increasing through the PDPA elements in [[Mohammed Daoud Khan|Daoud's]] government. He was one of the foundational members of the organization.<ref>Coll, Steve. Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. New York: Penguin, 2004.</ref><ref name="Neamatollah Nojumi">{{cite book|last=Neamatollah Nojumi|title=The Rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan: Mass Mobilization, Civil War, and the Future of the Region|edition=2002 1st|pages=38–42|publisher=Palgrave, New York}}</ref> He may have also been influenced by the ideological teachings of [[Muslim Brotherhood]] member [[Sayyid Qutb]].<ref>John Calvert, ''Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism'', [[Oxford University Press]] (2009), pp. 91-92</ref> By his own account he became an Islamist when he heard of Qutb's death in 1966, on radio, and also contradicts that he was a communist during his youth.<ref>Gilles Dorronsoro, ''Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present'', C. Hurst & Co. Publishers (2005), p. 75</ref> Although some believe that Hekmatyar [[Acid attack|threw acid]] at multiple female students, others have attributed this claim to the Soviet [[KGB]]'s [[black propaganda]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Seth G.|authorlink=Seth Jones (political scientist)|title=In the Graveyard of Empires: America's War in Afghanistan|url=https://archive.org/details/ingraveyardofemp00jone_0|url-access=registration|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|year=2010|isbn=9780393071429|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ingraveyardofemp00jone_0/page/32 32]–33}}</ref> Hekmatyar's radicalism put him in confrontation with elements in the Muslim Youth surrounding [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]], also an engineering student at Kabul University. In 1975, trying to assassinate a rival for the second time in three years, Hekmatyar with [[Pakistan]]i help tried to assassinate Massoud, then 22 years old, but failed.<ref name="Roy Gutman ">{{cite book|last=Roy Gutman|title=How We Missed the Story: Osama Bin Laden, the Taliban and the Hijacking of Afghanistan |edition=1st ed., 2008|publisher=Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace, Washington DC.}}</ref> In 1975, the "Islamic Society" split between supporters of Massoud and [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]], who led the Jamiat-e Islami, and elements surrounding Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, who then founded the [[Hezb-i Islami]]. Akbarzadeh and Yasmeen describe Hekmatyar's approach as "radical" and antagonistic as opposed to an "inclusive" and "moderate" strategy by Rabbani.<ref name="Akbarzadeh & Yasmeen">{{cite book|last=Shahram Akbarzadeh, Samina Yasmeen|title=Islam And the West: Reflections from Australia|edition=2005|pages=81–82|publisher=University of New South Wales Press}}</ref>