Editing Green-Wood Cemetery (section)

== Design ==
[[File:2015 Hezekiah Pierrepont Memorial 1.jpg|thumb|[[Richard Upjohn]]'s memorial to [[Hezekiah Pierrepont]] and his family, built {{Circa|1840s}}, sits on one of the cemetery's few man-made hillocks]]
[[File:Green-Wood Cemetery map in 1899 - from, Double Page Plate No. 11 - NYPL1517521 (cropped).tiff|thumb|An 1899 map of the cemetery]]
Green-Wood's site is characterized by varied topography created by [[Moraine|glacial moraines]], particularly the [[Harbor Hill Moraine]]. [[Battle Hill (Brooklyn)|Battle Hill]], also known as Gowan's Heights, the highest point in [[Brooklyn]], is on cemetery grounds, rising approximately {{Convert|216|ft||abbr=}} above sea level.<ref name="Adams 1996 p. 349">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/hudsonriverguide0000adam|url-access=registration|title=The Hudson River Guidebook|last=Adams|first=A.G.|publisher=Fordham University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8232-1679-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/hudsonriverguide0000adam/page/349 349]|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> It was the site of an important action during the [[Battle of Long Island]] on August 27, 1776.  A Revolutionary War monument by [[Frederick Ruckstull]], ''Altar to Liberty: Minerva'', was erected there in 1920. From this height, the bronze [[Minerva]] statue gazes towards the [[Statue of Liberty]] across New York Harbor.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/24/nyregion/FYI-061786.html |title=F.y.i. |author=Daniel B. Schneider |date=May 24, 1998 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=August 11, 2011}}</ref>

Green-Wood was less inspired by [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]] in Paris, which at the time retained the primarily axial formality of [[Alexandre Théodore Brongniart]]'s original design,<ref>[[Special:FilePath/Brongniart – Plans du Palais de la Bourse de Paris et du cimetière Mont-Louis, V.jpg|Plan of Père Lachaise in 1824]]</ref> than by [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], where a cemetery in a naturalistic park-like landscape in the [[English landscape garden|English manner]] was first established.<ref name="encnyc">Moylan, Richard J. "Green-Wood Cemetery" in {{cite enc-nyc2}}, pp. 557–558</ref> It has been called "Brooklyn's first public park by default long before Prospect Park was created."<ref name="aia4" /> The architecture critic [[Paul Goldberger]] was quoted in ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 1977, saying, "it is the ambition of the New Yorker to live upon the Fifth Avenue, to take his airings in [[Central Park|the [Central] Park]], and to sleep with his fathers in Green-wood".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/17/archives/design-notebook-pastoral-greenwood-cemetery-is-a-lesson-in.html|title=Design Notebook|last=Goldberger|first=Paul|date=November 17, 1977|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 6, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Green-Wood Cemetery contains 600,000 graves and 7,000 trees spread out over {{convert|478|acre|ha}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/01/nyregion/ground-hallowed-cooperstown-green-wood-cemetery-home-200-baseball-pioneers.html|title=Ground as Hallowed as Cooperstown; Green-Wood Cemetery, Home to 200 Baseball Pioneers|last=Collins|first=Glenn|date=April 1, 2004|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 28, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Adams 1996 p. 349" /> The landscape includes rolling hills and dales, several ponds, and an on-site chapel.<ref name="Reynolds p. 317">{{harvnb|Reynolds|1994|ps=.|p=317}}</ref><ref name="nyt20180418" /> In 2017, it received 280,000 visitors.<ref name="nyt20180418">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/18/nyregion/sims-sculpture-green-wood-cemetery.html|title=Statue of Doctor Who Did Slave Experiments Is Exiled. Its Ideas Are Not.|last=Bellafante|first=Ginia|date=April 18, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 28, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Though at one point there were numerous gravediggers at Green-Wood, {{As of|2006||df=|alt=as of 2006}} there were just a few gravediggers due to a decrease in the number of burials, as well as the limited amount of space for new burials. Because of this shortage of space, several family members may be buried atop each other in some plots.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/30/nyregion/the-ones-who-prepare-the-ground-for-the-last-farewell.html|title=The Ones Who Prepare the Ground for the Last Farewell|last=Kilgannon|first=Corey|date=January 30, 2006|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 28, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Several wooden shelters were also built, including one in a Gothic Revival style, one resembling an Italian villa, and another resembling a [[Swiss chalet style|Swiss chalet]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.green-wood.com/pdf/pierrepont48to51.pdf |title=Pierrepont Family Memorial |quote=Henry Evelyn Pierrepont was known as the "first citizen" of Brooklyn for good reason. He, along with his father [[Hezekiah Pierrepont|Hezekiah B.]] and mother Anna Maria before him, played a significant role in the planning of Brooklyn as a physical city, its crucial ferry services to New York, and the establishment of Green-Wood Cemetery itself. |access-date=September 23, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021175929/http://www.green-wood.com/pdf/pierrepont48to51.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Reynolds p. 318">{{harvnb|Reynolds|1994|ps=.|p=318}}</ref> These shelters, designed by [[Richard Upjohn]], had largely deteriorated by the late 20th century except for a ladies' shelter.<ref name="Reynolds p. 318" /> In 2008, Green-Wood started to acquire a collection of art pertaining to those buried in the cemetery.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/nyregion/07greenwood.html|title=Green-Wood Cemetery Builds a Collection|last=Collins|first=Glenn|date=December 6, 2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 28, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

=== Landscaping and circulation ===
Green-Wood Cemetery contains numerous landscape features, which in turn are named after terms that evoke a naturalistic scene. These names include Camellia Path, Halcyon Lake, Oaken Bluff, Sylvan Cliff, and Vista Hill.{{sfn|National Park Service|1983|p=2}} [[David Bates Douglass]], Green-Wood's landscape architect, mostly kept the cemetery's natural landscaping intact.{{sfn|Mosca|2008|p=12}} Much of Douglass's plan is still in place with its original plantings and curving-road systems. The original street names and original cast-iron perimeter fence have been retained, but many of the roads have been paved.{{sfn|National Park Service|1983|p=2}}

The cemetery has been expanded several times.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=15}}<ref name="Stiles Brockett Proctor 1884" /> Most of these regions have been landscaped to resemble the original plot, except the area near Fort Hamilton Avenue to the north, which is flatter because it was acquired last.{{sfn|National Park Service|1983|p=2}}

=== Monuments ===
There are several notable monuments and mausoleums in the cemetery, designed in several styles including the [[Classical architecture|Classical]], [[Ancient Egyptian architecture|Egyptian]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], and [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]].<ref name="Reynolds pp. 317-318">{{harvnb|Reynolds|1994|ps=.|pp=317–318}}</ref>{{sfn|National Park Service|1983|p=3}} Some of monuments and mausoleums were designed by popular architects of the time, including [[Minard Lafever]], Richard Upjohn, and [[Warren and Wetmore]].<ref name="Reynolds pp. 317-318" /> In addition, many tombs contain ornate sculptural decoration. The National Register of Historic Places designation subdivides these monuments into four primary categories: those honoring events or professions; those with architectural significance; those whose graves contain people of historical significance; and "monuments of sculptural interest".{{sfn|National Park Service|1983|p=3}}

Among the first monuments was a statue of [[DeWitt Clinton]], built in 1853.{{sfn|Mosca|2008|p=32}}<ref name="green-wood_dewitt-clinton" />  There is also a memorial erected by James Brown, president of both [[Brown Bros. & Co.|Brown Brothers bank]] and the [[Collins Line]], to the six members of his family lost in the {{SS|Arctic}} disaster of 1854. This incorporates a sculpture of the ship, half-submerged by the waves, as well as a Civil War Memorial.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.green-wood.com/2010/brown-family-steamer-arctic-sinking-1854/|title=Brown Family, Steamer Arctic Sinking (1854)|date=November 26, 2010 |publisher=Green-Wood Cemetery|language=en-US|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref>  During the [[American Civil War]], Green-Wood Cemetery created the "Soldiers' Lot" for free veterans' burials; this lot included less than {{Convert|1|acre|ha|abbr=}} of land.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/28/nyregion/28civil.html|title=Rows of New Markers, And Untold Sacrifice by Civil War Soldiers|last=Collins|first=Glenn|date=May 28, 2007|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 28, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1868–1876, after the war ended, the {{Convert|35|ft|m|-tall|abbr=|adj=mid}} Civil War Soldiers' Monument was erected at the highest point in Green-Wood.<ref name="nyt20020822" /><ref name="nyt18760529">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1876/05/29/archives/the-soldiers-monument-the-dedication-and-decoration-of-the-monument.html|title=The Soldiers' Monument; The Dedication and Decoration of the Monument in Green-Wood Cemetery.|date=May 29, 1876|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 28, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Other monuments of note include the [[Pilots' Monument]] and the Sea Captain's Monument, each dedicated to a notable person in these respective professions.<ref name="Rider Cooper Hopkins 1916 p. 445" /> [[J. Marion Sims (von Miller)|''J. Marion Sims'']], a monument of gynecologist [[J. Marion Sims]] by [[Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller]], is also installed in Green-Wood;<ref name=nyt-2018-04-18>{{Cite news|last=Bellafante|first=Ginia|date=April 18, 2018|title=Statue of Doctor Who Did Slave Experiments Is Exiled. Its Ideas Are Not.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/18/nyregion/sims-sculpture-green-wood-cemetery.html|access-date=June 9, 2023|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the statue was formerly in [[Bryant Park]] and [[Central Park]] but was removed from the latter in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/16/nyregion/nyc-sims-statue-central-park-monument.html|title=City Orders Sims Statue Removed From Central Park|last=Neuman|first=William|date=April 16, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 29, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Some elaborate monuments honor notable figures, such as [[William Niblo]]'s Grand Gothic mausoleum, the [[Steinway & Sons]] family's Classical mausoleum, [[Abiel Abbot Low]]'s tomb, and the Lispenard family's Norman-style mausoleum. Numerous other monuments to notable figures exist but are extremely simple in design, such as the tombs of [[Samuel Morse]], [[William M. Tweed]], [[Lola Montez]], [[Henry Ward Beecher]], and [[Currier and Ives]]. On the other hand, several monuments commemorate less well-known figures, including a Gothic memorial for 17-year-old Charlotte Canda, and a [[High Victorian Gothic|High Victorian]] pier designed by William or Edward Potter for their relatives.{{sfn|National Park Service|1983|p=3}}

=== Gates ===
{{multiple image
|align=right
|direction=horizontal
|total_width=450
|header=Main entrance gate at 25th Street
|image1=2015 Green-Wood Cemetery Gate from outside left detail.jpg
|caption1="Weep Not", one of John Moffitt's sculpted panels
|image2=Green-Wood Cemetery parrots (54862).webm
|caption2=A [[monk parakeet]] colony in the main gate
}}
The gates were designed by Richard Upjohn in [[Gothic Revival]] style. There are four gates in total.<ref name="green-wood_map">{{Cite web|url=https://www.green-wood.com/map-of-green-wood-cemetery/|title=Map of Green-Wood Cemetery|publisher=Green-Wood Cemetery|language=en-US|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> Two are city landmarks: the main gate at 25th Street to the northwest, which is closest to [[South Slope, Brooklyn|South Slope]]/[[Greenwood Heights, Brooklyn|Greenwood Heights]], and Fort Hamilton Parkway to the south, which is in [[Kensington, Brooklyn|Kensington]].<ref name="encnyc" /><ref name="green-wood_map" /> Two additional gates exist. One of these, at 20th Street and Ninth Avenue, provides access from the northeast and is in [[Windsor Terrace, Brooklyn|Windsor Terrace]]. The other, at 34th Street and Fourth Avenue, provides access from the southwest and is located next to [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]] and the [[36th Street station (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)|36th Street station]] of the [[New York City Subway]], serving the {{NYCS trains|Fourth center header}}.<ref name="green-wood_map" /> These gates were developed from the 1840s to the 1860s. A fifth gate at Ninth Avenue and 37th Street no longer exists.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=16}}{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=7}}

==== 25th Street gate ====
The main entrance to the cemetery, a double-gate located at 25th Street and Fifth Avenue near its northwestern corner, was built in 1861–65, though the entrance itself opened in 1862.{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=15}} It is composed of [[Belleville, New Jersey]] brownstone. The sculptured groups on Nova Scotia limestone panels depicting biblical scenes of death and resurrection from the New Testament including [[Raising of Lazarus|Lazarus]], [[Young man from Nain|The Widow's Son]], and [[Resurrection of Jesus|Jesus' Resurrection]] over the gateways are the work of sculptor John M. Moffitt.<ref name="encnyc" /><ref name="NYCL-0149">{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0149.pdf|title=Green-Wood Cemetery Gates|date=April 19, 1966|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> In between the two gateways is a clock tower in the [[Flamboyant]] style.<ref name="Reynolds p. 318" /><ref name="NYCL-0149" /> The tower measures {{convert|106|ft}} tall.<ref name="Reynolds p. 318" /> A cemetery office is to one side of the gate, while the chapel and reception room are on the opposite side.<ref name="Reynolds p. 318" /><ref name="NYCL-0149" /> A descendant colony of [[monk parakeet]]s that are believed to have escaped their containers while in transit now nests in the spires of the gate, as well as other areas in Brooklyn.<ref>{{cite web |title=BrooklynParrots.com: A Web Site About the Wild Parrots of Brooklyn |url=http://www.brooklynparrots.com/2006/03/greenwood-cemetery-parrots.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909103704/http://www.brooklynparrots.com/2006/03/greenwood-cemetery-parrots.html |archive-date=September 9, 2007 |access-date=September 23, 2007 |quote=The beautiful Civil War-era gate to Greenwood Cemetery is spectacular in its own right; add vociferous parrots and you've got one of the most sublime, most surreal locales on the planet.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pesquarelli |first=Adrianne |title=Gotham Gigs; Birdman |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-163984399.html |access-date=September 23, 2007 |publisher=[[Crain's New York Business]]}}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} The article presents information concerning the year-round tours led by Steve Baldwin in Brooklyn, New York to the nests of parrots. Baldwin volunteers to lead walking tours to the nests of an extended family of wild Quaker parrots that escaped from a shipping crate at JFK International Airport in the late 1960s.</ref>

[[The New York Community Trust]] placed a Designated Landmarks of New York plaque on the gate in 1958, and the gate was designated an official [[New York City landmark]] in 1966.<ref name="nycland" />

==== Fort Hamilton gate ====
[[File:Fort Hamilton Gatehouse, Greenwood Cemetery.jpg|left|thumb|The visitor building at the cemetery's Fort Hamilton entrance]]
The Fort Hamilton gate is located at Fort Hamilton Parkway and Macieli Place. Similar to the 25th Street gate, it is made of a double gateway made of [[brownstone]]. It is also flanked by two structures, a visitor's lounge and the gatekeeper's residence.{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=3}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.green-wood.com/2014/we-have-a-winner/|title=We Have A Winner!|date=March 24, 2014|website=Green-Wood|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> The gate was built in 1876 and completed the next year;{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=9}} it was designated as an official New York City landmark in 2016.<ref name="BKLYNER 2016">{{cite web | title=Landmark Status Official For Portions Of Green-Wood Cemetery | website=BKLYNER | date=April 13, 2016 | url=https://bklyner.com/landmark-status-official-portions-green-wood-cemetery-sunset-park/ | access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref>

To the east of the entrance is the visitor's lounge, a brownstone building. It is a {{Frac|1|1|2}}-story structure with an entrance located inside a center [[Bay (architecture)|bay]] on the west side of the building. The visitor's lounge contains two side bays, each with a [[porch]], as well as restrooms for men and women. The [[hip roof]] is made of [[Slate|gray slate]] with metal ornamentation along the ridge at the top. The roof slopes down toward the perimeter walls of the building, though each of the four sides of the roof is punctuated by [[dormer]]s with small windows. The corner porches feature stone banisters, and contain four yellow sandstone bas-reliefs sculpted by Moffitt.{{sfn|Hurley|2016|pp=3–4}}

The west side of the entrance, also a brownstone structure, contains the gatekeeper's residence, a {{Frac|3|1|2}}-story structure that is similar in design to the visitor's lounge. Only the center section is {{Frac|3|1|2}} stories, while the two pavilions to the west and east are {{Frac|2|1|2}} stories. The residence's main entrance is through the eastern pavilion, while there is another pavilion on the western facade. Both pavilions have hip roofs of gray slate, and the second floor contains dormers with windows that project from the hip roof. The central "tower" section contains entrances to both the north and south, as well as windows on the second, third, and attic floors that face north and south. The roof of the central tower contains a stone chimney.{{sfn|Hurley|2016|pp=4–5}}

=== Chapel ===
[[File:Green-Wood Cemetery Chapel (61921).jpg|thumb|A side view of the chapel at the cemetery]]
The Green-Wood Cemetery chapel is located near the 25th Street gate.<ref>[http://www.green-wood.com/2010/chapel-services-2/ "Chapel Services"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620223618/http://www.green-wood.com/2010/chapel-services-2/ |date=June 20, 2021 }} Green-Wood Cemetery website</ref> Built in 1911–1913 by [[Warren and Wetmore]],<ref name="Rider Cooper Hopkins 1916 p. 445">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_s5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA445|title=Rider's New York City and Vicinity, Including Newark, Yonkers and Jersey City: A Guide-Book For Travelers, With 16 Maps and 18 Plans, Comp. And|last1=Rider|first1=F.|last2=Cooper|first2=F.T.|last3=Hopkins|first3=M.A.|publisher=H. Holt|year=1916|page=445|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> the chapel is located on the site of one of Green-Wood's original ponds.{{sfn|Mosca|2008|p=24}} Though it is generally designed in the late Gothic style, its [[massing]] is in the [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] style.{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=3}} It is made of [[limestone]], and consists of multiple towers, including a central octagonal tower and four octagonal [[Turret (architecture)|turret]]s, one at each corner. The three-story chapel contains a ground level, [[clerestory]] level, and the second story in the central tower.{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=6}} It was patterned after the [[Tom Tower]] at [[Christ Church, Oxford]].{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=11}}

Plans for the Green-Wood chapel date to shortly after the chapel's establishment, when a "Chapel Hill" was set aside within the cemetery. Though Richard Upjohn submitted plans for such a chapel in 1855, Green-Wood initially voted against such a chapel.{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=11}}{{sfn|Quennell Rothschild & Partners|Paul Cowie & Associates|2007|p=15}}  A new location was selected near Arbor Water in the first decade of the 20th century, and plans were solicited from three firms in 1909. After Warren and Wetmore were selected, work started in 1911, and the chapel was officially opened in June 1913.{{sfn|Hurley|2016|p=11}} The chapel was made a city landmark in 2016.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle 2016">{{cite web|url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2016/04/12/green-wood-cemeterys-chapel-is-landmarked/|title=Green-Wood Cemetery's Chapel Is Landmarked|date=April 12, 2016|website=Brooklyn Eagle|access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref>