Editing Great ape personhood (section)

==Status==
[[File:Hercules and Leo Habeas Corpus Order.jpg|thumb|Hercules and Leo ''[[habeas corpus]]'' Order]]

On February 28, 2007, the parliament of the [[Balearic Islands]], an autonomous community of [[Spain]], passed the world's first legislation that would effectively grant legal [[personhood]] rights to all great apes.<ref name="Rose">{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/viewpoint/vp_rose/20070802.html |title=Going ape over human rights |access-date=26 June 2008 |author=Thomas Rose |date=2 August 2007 |publisher=CBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203225450/http://www.cbc.ca/news/viewpoint/vp_rose/20070802.html |archive-date=2010-02-03}}</ref> On June 25 2008, a parliamentary committee set forth resolutions urging Spain to grant the primates the right to life and liberty. If approved "it will ban harmful experiments on apes and make keeping them for circuses, television commercials, or filming illegal under Spain's penal code."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSL256586320080625 |title=Spanish parliament to extend rights to apes |access-date=2008-07-11 |date=25 June 2008 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

In 1992, [[Switzerland]] amended its [[Constitution of Switzerland|constitution]] to recognize animals as ''beings'' and not ''things''.<ref name="APBerlin">{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002/05/18/germany-rights.htm |title=Germany guarantees animal rights in constitution |access-date=2008-06-26 |date=2002-05-18 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> However, in 1999 the Swiss constitution was completely rewritten, and this distinction was removed. A decade later, [[Germany]] guaranteed rights to animals in a 2002 constitutional amendment, the first [[European Union]] member to do so.<ref name="APBerlin" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/06/21/germany.animals/index.html |title=Germany guarantees animal rights |access-date=2008-06-26 |date=21 June 2002 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/22/germany.animalwelfarel |title=German animals given legal rights |access-date=2008-06-26 |date=2002-06-22 |author=Kate Connolly |newspaper=The Guardian }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

[[New Zealand]] created specific legal protections for five great ape species in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1999/0142/latest/DLM51206.html?search=sw_096be8ed817c720c_Hominid_25_se&p=1&sr=4|title=Animal Welfare Act 1999 No 142 (as at 08 September 2018), Public Act 85 Restrictions on use of non-human hominids – New Zealand Legislation|website=legislation.govt.nz|access-date=2019-07-02}}</ref> The use of [[gorilla]]s, [[chimpanzee]]s and [[orangutan]]s in research, testing, or teaching is limited to activities intended to benefit the animals or its species. A New Zealand animal protection group later argued the restrictions conferred weak [[legal rights]].<ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/journals/jo_pdf/lralvol_7p35.pdf "A STEP AT A TIME: NEW ZEALAND'S PROGRESS TOWARD HOMINID RIGHTS" BY ROWAN TAYLOR] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728153305/http://www.animallaw.info/journals/jo_pdf/lralvol_7p35.pdf |date=July 28, 2013 }}</ref>

Several European countries including Austria, the Netherlands, and Sweden have completely [[Great ape research ban|banned the use of great apes]] in animal testing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXII/I/I_00993/fnameorig_043770.html |title=Bundesgesetz, mit dem das Tierversuchsgesetz 1989 über Tierversuche an lebenden Tieren |access-date=2013-07-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200904/http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXII/I/I_00993/fnameorig_043770.html |archive-date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> Austria was the first country to ban experimentation on lesser apes. Under [[EU Directive 2010/63/EU]], the entire European Union banned great ape experimentation in 2013.

[[Argentina]] granted a captive orangutan basic rights in late 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/12/23/world/americas/feat-orangutan-rights-ruling/|title=Argentine orangutan granted unprecedented legal rights|last1=Giménez|first1=Emiliano|date=January 4, 2015|website=CNN|publisher=[[CNN Espanol]]|access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref>

On April 20, 2015, Justice Barbara Jaffe of New York State Supreme Court ordered a writ of ''[[habeas corpus]]'' to two captive chimpanzees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/2015/04/20/judge-recognizes-two-chimpanzees-as-legal-persons-grants-them-writ-of-habeas-corpus/ |title=Judge Recognizes Two Chimpanzees as Legal Persons, Grants them Writ of Habeas Corpus |date=April 20, 2015 |website=nonhumanrightsproject.org |publisher=[[Nonhuman Rights Project]] |access-date=April 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909212513/http://www.nonhumanrightsproject.org/2015/04/20/judge-recognizes-two-chimpanzees-as-legal-persons-grants-them-writ-of-habeas-corpus/ |archive-date=September 9, 2016 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|sure=y|reason=Questionable source, not reliable.|date=October 2022}}  The next day the ruling was amended to strike the words "writ of habeas corpus".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sciencemag.org/sites/default/files/habeas%20update.pdf|title=Judge Barbara Jaffe's amended court order|date=April 21, 2015|website=iapps.courts.state.ny.us|publisher=[[New York Supreme Court]]|access-date=April 21, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430234057/http://news.sciencemag.org/sites/default/files/habeas%20update.pdf|archive-date=April 30, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/22/nyregion/judge-orders-hearing-for-2-chimps-said-to-be-unlawfully-detained.html|title=Judge Orders Stony Brook University to Defend Its Custody of 2 Chimps|date=April 21, 2015|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/08/chimps-dont-have-same-legal-rights-as-humans-must-remain-in-research-lab/ David Kravets ''Ars Technica'' (8/3/2015) No habeas corpus; chimps are lab “property”: "Animals, including chimpanzees," judge rules, "are considered property."]</ref>