Editing Great Train Robbery (1963) (section)

==Robbery==
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2011}}

===Planning===
The plan to intercept and rob the overnight Glasgow to London mail train was based on information from an unnamed senior security officer within the Royal Mail who had detailed knowledge of the amounts of money carried; he was introduced to two of the criminals who would carry out the raid—Gordon Goody and Buster Edwards—by a London solicitor's clerk, Brian Field.<ref>Channel 4 documentary 12 August 2019</ref>

The raid was devised over several months by a core team: Goody and Edwards along with [[Bruce Reynolds]], and Charlie Wilson, with Reynolds assuming the role of "mastermind". This gang, although very successful in the criminal underworld, had virtually no experience in stopping and robbing trains, so it was agreed to enlist the help of another London gang called The South Coast Raiders. This group included Tommy Wisbey, Bob Welch, and Jim Hussey, who were already "accomplished" train robbers.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} This group also included Roger Cordrey, a man who was a specialist in rigging the track-side signals to stop the train.

Other associates (including [[Ronnie Biggs]], a man Reynolds had previously met in jail) were added as the organisation evolved. The final gang who took part in the raid was composed of sixteen men.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Russell-Pavier | first1=N. | last2=Richards | first2=S. | title=The Great Train Robbery: Crime of the Century: The Definitive Account | publisher=Orion | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-297-86440-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6KSaWB4zMzMC}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2025}}

===Royal Mail train===
At 18:50 on Wednesday 7 August 1963, the [[travelling post office]] (TPO) "Up Special" train set off from [[Glasgow Central station]] en route to [[Euston railway station|Euston Station]] in London. It was scheduled to arrive at Euston at 04:00 the following morning. The train was hauled by [[British Rail Class 40|English Electric Type 4]] (later Class 40) diesel-electric locomotive [[British Rail Class 40#D326: The Great Train Robbery, 1963|D326]] (later 40&nbsp;126). The train consisted of 12 carriages and carried 72 [[General Post Office|Post Office]] staff who sorted mail during the journey.

Mail was loaded onto the train at [[Glasgow]], during additional station stops en route, and from line-side collection points where local post office staff would hang mail sacks on elevated track-side hooks that were caught by nets deployed by the on-board staff. Sorted mail on the train could be dropped off at the same time. This process of exchange allowed mail to be distributed locally without delaying the train with unnecessary stops. One of the carriages involved in the robbery is preserved at the [[Nene Valley Railway]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Travelling Post Office (Night Mail) |url=https://nvr.org.uk/article.php/155/travelling-post-office-night-mail |website=Nene Valley Railway |publisher=Nene Valley Railway Ltd |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref>

The second carriage behind the engine was known as the HVP (high-value packages) coach, which carried large amounts of money and registered mail for sorting. Usually, the value of the shipment was in the region of £300,000, but because the previous weekend had been a UK [[Bank Holiday]] weekend, the total on the day of the robbery was to be between £2.5 and £3 million.<ref>{{cite news
 |url=http://www.btp.police.uk/History%20Society/Publications/History%20Society/Crime%20on%20line/The%20Great%20Train%20Robbery.htm
 |title=British Transport Police History: The Great Train Robbery
 |publisher=[[British Transport Police]]
 |access-date=25 July 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701111011/http://www.btp.police.uk/History%20Society/Publications/History%20Society/Crime%20on%20line/The%20Great%20Train%20Robbery.htm
 |archive-date=1 July 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

In 1960, the Post Office Investigation Branch (IB) recommended the fitting of alarms to all TPOs with HVP carriages. This recommendation was implemented in 1961, but HVP carriages without alarms were retained in reserve. By August 1963, three HVP carriages were equipped with alarms, bars over the windows and bolts and catches on the doors, but at the time of the robbery, these carriages were out of service, so a reserve carriage (M30204M) without those features had to be used. The fitting of radios was also considered, but they were deemed to be too expensive, and the measure was not implemented.<ref name="PMA">[https://artsandculture.google.com/story/aAWRARcgrhkA8A The Great Train Robbery] by the [[British Postal Museum and Archive]] at The Google cultural institute [https://artsandculture.google.com/story/aAWRARcgrhkA8A]. Retrieved 29 October 2013</ref> This carriage was kept for evidence for seven years following the event and then burned at a scrapyard in Norfolk in the presence of police and post office officials to deter any souvenir hunters.

===Stopping the train===
The robbers tampered with a signal light on the [[West Coast Main Line]] at Sears Crossing, Ledburn, between [[Leighton Buzzard railway station|Leighton Buzzard]] and [[Cheddington railway station|Cheddington]], covering the green light with a glove and using a battery to power the red light. Just after 03:00 on 8 August, the driver, 58-year-old Jack Mills from [[Crewe]], duly stopped the train at the signal. As a signal stop was unexpected at this time and place, the locomotive's second crew member, known as the second man, 26-year-old David Whitby, also from Crewe, climbed down from the cab to call the signalman from a line-side telephone, only to find the cables had been cut. As he returned to the train he was overpowered by one of the robbers. Meanwhile, gang members entered the engine cabin from both sides. As Mills grappled with one robber he was struck from behind by another with a [[club (weapon)|cosh]] and rendered semi-conscious.

The robbers now had to move the train to Bridego Bridge (now known as Mentmore<ref>''[[The Railway Magazine]]'' November 2013 p. 3</ref> Bridge), approximately half a mile (800 m) further along the track, where they planned to unload the money.
One of the robbers had spent months befriending railway staff and familiarising himself with the layout and operation of trains and carriages. Ultimately though, it was decided that it would be better to use an experienced train driver to move the locomotive and the first two carriages from the signals to the bridge after uncoupling the carriages containing the rest of the sorters and the ordinary mail.

On that night, the gang's hired train driver (an acquaintance of Ronnie Biggs, later referred to as "Stan Agate" or "Peter") was unable to operate this newer type of locomotive; having driven trains for many years, he was by then retired and was experienced only on [[Shunting (rail)|shunting]] locomotives on the [[Southern Region of British Railways|Southern Region]]. With no alternative available to them, it was quickly decided that Mills would have to move the train to the stopping point near the bridge, which was indicated by a white sheet stretched between poles on the track. Biggs's only task was to supervise Agate's participation in the robbery, and when it became obvious that Agate was not able to drive the train, he and Biggs were sent to the waiting truck to help load the mail bags.

===Removing the money===
The train was stopped at Bridego Bridge, and the robbers' "assault force" attacked the HVP carriage. [[Frank Dewhurst]] was in charge of the three other postal workers (Leslie Penn, Joseph Ware and John O'Connor) in the HVP carriage. Thomas Kett, assistant inspector in charge of the train from [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]] to Euston, was also in the carriage. Dewhurst and Kett were hit with coshes when they made a vain attempt to prevent the robbers from storming the carriage. Once the robbers had entered the carriage, the staff could put up no effective resistance and there was no police officer or security guard on board to assist them. The staff were made to lie face down on the floor in a corner of the carriage. Mills and Whitby were then brought into the carriage, handcuffed together, and put down beside the staff.<ref>The Great Train Robbery (2008) – Crime Archive Series by Peter Gutteridge</ref>

The robbers removed all but eight of the 128 sacks from the HVP carriage, which they transferred in about 15–20 minutes to the waiting truck by forming a human chain. The gang departed in their [[Austin Loadstar]] truck some 30 minutes after the robbery had begun and, in an effort to mislead any potential witnesses, they used two [[Land Rover]] vehicles, both of which bore the registration plates BMG 757A.
[[File:great train robbery map.svg|thumb|400px|Map of some places connected to the robbery]]

===Getaway and planned clean-up===
The gang then headed along minor roads, listening for police broadcasts on a [[VHF]] radio, the journey taking somewhere between 45 minutes and an hour, and arrived back at Leatherslade Farm at around 04:30, at around the same time as the first reports of the crime were being made. Leatherslade was a run-down farm {{convert|27|mi}} from the crime scene, between [[Oakley, Buckinghamshire|Oakley]] and [[Brill, Buckinghamshire|Brill]]. It had been bought two months earlier as their hideout.

At the farm they counted the proceeds and divided it into 16 full shares and several 'drinks' (smaller sums of money intended for associates of the gang). The precise amounts of the split differ according to the source, but the full shares came to approximately £150,000 each.

From listening to their police-tuned radio, the gang learned that the police had calculated they had gone to ground within a {{convert|30|mi|adj=on|-1}} radius of the crime scene rather than dispersing with their haul. This declaration was based on the information given by a witness at the crime scene who stated that a gang member had told the post office workers "not to move for half an hour". The press interpreted this information as a {{convert|30|mi|km|adj=on|-1}} radius—a half-hour drive in a fast car.

The gang realised the police were using a "dragnet tactic", and with help from the public, would probably discover the farm much sooner than had been originally anticipated. As a result, the plan for leaving the farm was brought forward to Friday from Sunday (the crime was committed on Thursday). The vehicles they had driven to the farm could no longer be used because they had been seen by the train staff. [[Brian Field]] came to the farm on Thursday to pick up his share of the loot and to take Roy James to London to find an extra vehicle. Bruce Reynolds and John Daly picked up cars, one for Jimmy White and the other for Reynolds, Daly, Biggs and the replacement train driver. Field, his wife Karin and his associate "Mark" brought the vans and drove the remainder of the gang to the Fields' home to recover.

Field had arranged with "Mark" to carry out a comprehensive clean-up and set fire to the farm after the robbers had left, even though the robbers had already spent much time wiping the place down to be free of prints. According to Buster Edwards, he 'nicked' £10,000 in [[ten-shilling note]]s to help pay "Mark's" drink. However, on Monday, when Charlie Wilson rang Brian Field to check whether the farm had been cleaned, he did not believe Field's assurances. He called a meeting with Edwards, Reynolds, Daly and James and they agreed that they needed to be sure. They called Field to a meeting on Tuesday, where he was forced to admit that he had failed to "torch" the farm. In the IVS 2012 documentary film ''The Great Train Robbery'', Nick Reynolds (son of Bruce Reynolds) said "...the guy who was paid to basically go back to the farm and burn it down did a runner."<ref name=ITV2012>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2446162/combined The Great Train Robbery (2012)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325053847/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2446162/combined |date=25 March 2016 }} at IMDb</ref> Wilson would have killed Field there and then but was restrained by the others. By the time they were ready to go back to the farm, however, they learned that police had found the hideout.
[[File:Sears Crossing.JPG|View towards 'Sears Crossing' where the robbers took control of the train|thumb]]

===The money===
There is some uncertainty regarding the exact cash stolen from the train. £2,631,784 is a figure quoted in the press, although the police investigation states the theft as £2,595,997 10s 0d, in 636 packages, contained in 120 mailbags—the bulk of the haul in £1 and £5 notes (both the older white note and the newer blue note, which was half its size). There were also ten-shilling notes and Irish and Scottish money. Because a 30-minute time limit had been set by Reynolds, eight out of 128 bags were not stolen and were left behind. Statistically, this could have amounted to £131,000 or 4.7% of the total.<ref name="Reynolds 1995"/>{{page needed|date=August 2020}}{{unreliable source?|date=August 2020}}{{primary source inline|date=August 2020}} It is alleged that the total weight of the bags removed was 2.5 tons, according to former Buckinghamshire police officer John Woolley.<ref name=ITV2012/>

The gang had used the money in a game of ''[[Monopoly (game)|Monopoly]]'' while holed up at the farm house.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Webb|first1=Sam|title=Fancy the 'Get Out of Jail Free' card from Great Train Robbery gang's Monopoly?|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/get-out-jail-free-card-5844554|access-date=17 March 2017|work=Daily Mirror|date=8 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318091334/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/get-out-jail-free-card-5844554|archive-date=18 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Raising the alarm===
The robbers had cut all the telephone lines in the vicinity, but one of the rail-men left on the train at Sears Crossing caught a passing goods train to Cheddington, where he raised the alarm at around 04:20. The first reports of the robbery were broadcast on the VHF police radio within a few minutes and this is where the gang heard the line "A robbery has been committed and you'll never believe it&nbsp;– they've stolen the train!"