Editing Gray's Anatomy (section)

== Publication history ==
[[File:Henry Gray bw photo portrait.jpg|thumb|[[Henry Gray]]]]

=== Origins ===
The [[English people|English]] anatomist [[Henry Gray]] was born in 1827. He studied the development of the [[endocrine gland]]s and [[spleen]] and in 1853 was appointed Lecturer on Anatomy at [[St George's Hospital Medical School]] in [[London]]. In 1855, he approached his colleague [[Henry Vandyke Carter]] with his idea to produce an inexpensive and accessible anatomy textbook for medical students. Dissecting unclaimed bodies from workhouse and hospital [[mortuary|mortuaries]] through the [[Anatomy Act 1832]], the two worked for 18 months on what would form the basis of the book. Their work was first published in 1858 by [[John William Parker]] in London.<ref name=Gray1858>{{citation |year=1858 |author1=Gray, Henry |author2=Carter, Henry Vandyke |title=Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical |url=https://archive.org/stream/anatomydescript09graygoog#page/n7/mode/2up |place=London |publisher=John W. Parker and Son |access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref>
It was dedicated by Gray to [[Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet]].

An imprint of this English first edition was published in the United States in 1859, with slight alterations.<ref name=Richardson2005>{{citation |year=2005 |author=Richardson, Ruth |chapter=A Historical Introduction to ''Gray's Anatomy'' |chapter-url= http://www.graysanatomyonline.com/content/0443066760/suppfiles/HistoricalIntro.pdf |title=Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice |edition=39th (electronic version) |editor=Susan Standring |page=4 |place=Edinburgh |publisher=Elsevier Churchill Livingston |access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=USedition1859>{{citation |year=1859 |author1=Gray, Henry |author2=Carter, H.V. |url=http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/06220300R |title=Anatomy, descriptive and surgical |place=Philadelphia |publisher=Blanchard and Lea |access-date=16 October 2011 }}(Per [[United States National Library of Medicine|National Library of Medicine]] holdings). This is not the 'American' edition. American rights had yet to be purchased. It is an American publication of the English edition.</ref>

Gray prepared a second, revised edition, which was published in the United Kingdom in 1860, also by J.W. Parker.<ref name="Moore2008">{{citation|author=Moore, Wendy|title=Gray's Anatomy celebrates 150th anniversary|date=30 March 2008|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1583282/Grays-Anatomy-celebrates-150th-anniversary.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1583282/Grays-Anatomy-celebrates-150th-anniversary.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=The Telegraph|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]|access-date=16 October 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="BriefHistoryGrays">{{citation|title=A brief history of ''Gray's Anatomy''|url=http://www.coursewareobjects.com/marketing/standringtimeline.pdf|publisher=ElsevierHealth|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref> However, Gray died the following year, at the age of&nbsp;34, having contracted [[smallpox]]<ref name=Moore2008/> while treating his nephew (who survived). His death had come just three years after the initial publication of his ''Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical''.

Even so, the work on his much-praised book was continued by others.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Poynter, F. N. L.|date=6 September 1958|title=Gray's Anatomy: The First Hundred Years|url=http://www.academia.dk/BiologiskAntropologi/Osteologi/GraysAnatomy/PDF/brmedj03067-0058.pdf|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=2 |issue=5096 |pages=610–11|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5096.610 |pmid=13572853 |pmc=2026353 }}</ref>

[[Longman]]'s publication reportedly began in 1863, after their acquisition of the J.W. Parker publishing business.<ref name="LongmanPublication">{{citation |url=http://www-stage.pearsoned.com/about/history.htm#1800 |title=Longman's 1863 publication of ''Gray's Anatomy'' |work=Pearson Education: History |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |access-date=16 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309033200/http://www-stage.pearsoned.com/about/history.htm#1800 |archive-date=9 March 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> This coincided with the publication date of the third British edition of ''Gray's Anatomy.''<ref name="GraysAnatomy35thBritish">{{citation| title=Gray's Anatomy | editor1-first=Roger | editor1-last=Warwick | editor2-first=Peter L. | editor2-last=Williams | edition=35th | publisher= Longman |location=London|year=1973}} p. iv (Previous Editions and Editors – listings)</ref> Successive British editions of ''Gray's Anatomy'' continued to be published under the Longman, and more recently [[Churchill Livingstone]]/[[Elsevier]] imprints, reflecting further changes in ownership of the publishing companies over the years.

=== American editions ===
The full American rights were purchased by Blanchard and Lea, who published the first of twenty-five<ref group=lower-alpha>This count excludes the previously mentioned 1859 US publication of the English first edition.</ref> distinct American editions of ''Gray's Anatomy'' in 1862, and whose company became [[Lea & Febiger]] in 1908. Lea & Febiger continued publishing the American editions until the company was sold in 1990.<ref>[http://www.tehistory.org/hqda/html/v37/v37n2p063.html#LEA Lea & Febiger] in Tredyffrin East Town Historical Society ''History Quarterly'' Digital Archives, pp. 68–70 (Source: April 1999, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 63–70)</ref>

The first American publication was edited by Richard James Dunglison, whose father [[Robley Dunglison]] was physician to [[Thomas Jefferson]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091019104425/http://jeffline.jefferson.edu/AISR/Forum/03/09/articles/grays.html "Gray's Anatomy: The Jefferson Years"] in ''Jeffline Forum'', September 2003</ref> Dunglison edited the next four editions. These were: the ''Second American Edition'' (February 1862); the ''New Third American from the Fifth English Edition'' (May 1870); the ''New American from the Eighth English Edition'' (July 1878); and the ''New American from the Tenth English Edition'' (August 1883). [[William Williams Keen|W. W. Keen]] edited the next two editions, namely: the ''New American from the Eleventh English Edition'' (September 1887); and the ''New American from the Thirteenth English Edition'' (September 1893).

In September 1896, reference to the English edition was dropped and it was published as the ''Fourteenth Edition'', edited by Bern B. Gallaudet, F. J. Brockway, and J. P. McMurrich, who also edited the ''Fifteenth Edition'' (October 1901). There is also an edition dated 1896 which does still reference the English edition stating it is "A New Edition, Thoroughly Revised by American Authorities, from the thirteenth English Edition" and edited by [[Thomas Pickering Pick|T. Pickering Pick]], F.R.C.S. and published by Lea Brothers & Co., Philadelphia and New York.<ref>Gray, ''Henry Gray's Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical'', 13th edition, 1896</ref>

The ''Sixteenth Edition'' (October 1905) was edited by J. C. DaCosta, and the ''Seventeenth'' (September 1908) by DaCosta and [[Edward Anthony Spitzka|E. A. Spitzka]]. Spitzka edited the ''Eighteenth'' (Oct. 1910) and ''Nineteenth'' (July 1913) editions, and in October 1913, R. Howden edited the ''New American from the Eighteenth English Edition''. The "American" editions then continued with consecutive numbering from the Twentieth onwards, with [[Warren Harmon Lewis|W. H. Lewis]] editing the 20th (September. 1918), 21st (August 1924), 22nd (August 1930), 23rd (July 1936), and 24th (May 1942). Charles Mayo Goss edited the 25th (August 1948), 26th (July 1954), 27th (August 1959), 28th (August 1966), and 29th (January 1973). Carmine D. Clemente edited and extensively revised the 30th edition (October 1984).<ref name="GraysAnatomy30thAmerican">{{citation | title=Gray's Anatomy | editor=Carmine D. Clemente | edition=30th | publisher=Lea & Febiger | location=Philadelphia | year=1985 | isbn=0-8121-0644-X | url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofhumanbo1985gray }} pp. vi–ix</ref> With the sale of Lea & Febiger in 1990, the 30th edition was the last American Edition.

=== Discrepancies in numbering of American and British editions ===
Sometimes separate editing efforts with mismatches between British and American edition numbering led to the existence, for many years, of two main "flavours" or "branches" of ''Gray's Anatomy'': the U.S. and the British one. This can easily cause misunderstandings and confusion, especially when quoting from or trying to purchase a certain edition. For example, a comparison of publishing histories shows that the American numbering kept roughly apace with the British up until the 16th editions in 1905, with the American editions either acknowledging the English edition, or simply matching the numbering in the 14th, 15th and 16th editions. Then the American numbering crept ahead, with the 17th American edition published in 1908, while the 17th British edition was published in 1909. This increased to a three-year gap for the 18th and 19th editions, leading to the 1913 publication of the ''New American from the Eighteenth English'', which brought the numbering back into line. Both 20th editions were then published in the same year (1918). Thereafter, it was the British numbering that pushed ahead, with the 21st British edition in 1920, and the 21st American edition in 1924. This discrepancy continued to increase, so that the 30th British edition was published in 1949, while the 30th and last American edition was published in 1984.<ref name="GraysAnatomy35thBritish" /><ref name="GraysAnatomy30thAmericanvii">Carmine D. Clemente (1985) p. vi (American Editions of ''Gray's Anatomy'' – listings)</ref>