Editing Grape (section)

== History ==
[[File:Countries by grape production in 2020.png|thumb|Grape producing countries in 2020]]
The [[Middle East]] is generally described as the homeland of grapes and the cultivation of this plant began there 6,000–8,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANGŪR – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/angur-grapes |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=iranicaonline.org |quote=According to A. de Candolle (L’Origine des plantes cultivées, Paris, 5th ed., 1912, p. 152) the grape-vine is at home in the region south of the Caucasus, from the Black Sea to the Caspian region of Iran, where “it has the shape of a strong liana climbing over high trees and producing abundant fruit without any pruning or cultivation.” His statement is still generally accepted, since the greatest diversity in varieties can be observed there.}}</ref><ref name=This>{{cite journal|author1=This, Patrice |author2=Lacombe, Thierry |author3=Thomash, Mark R. |title=Historical Origins and Genetic Diversity of Wine Grapes |journal=Trends in Genetics |volume=22 |issue=9 |url=https://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db45/Studiendekanat/Lehre/Master/Module/Botanik_1/M1401/Evolution_Zellbiologie/This%20et%20al%202006.pdf |pages=511–519 |year=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.tig.2006.07.008 |pmid=16872714 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224603/https://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db45/Studiendekanat/Lehre/Master/Module/Botanik_1/M1401/Evolution_Zellbiologie/This%20et%20al%202006.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-04}}</ref> [[Yeast (wine)|Yeast]], one of the earliest domesticated [[microorganism]]s, occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the discovery of alcoholic drinks such as wine. The earliest [[archeological]] evidence for a dominant position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000 years ago in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Georgia%20Wine.pdf |title=Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture|author=McGovern, Patrick E. |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231457/http://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Georgia%20Wine.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://winehistory.com/2i.htm |author=McGovern, P. E. |title=Georgia: Homeland of Winemaking and Viticulture |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530202942/http://winehistory.com/2i.htm |archive-date=2013-05-30}}</ref><ref>Keys, David (2003-12-28) [http://www.archaeology.ws/2004-1-2.htm Now that's what you call a real vintage: professor unearths 8,000-year-old wine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603094312/http://www.archaeology.ws/2004-1-2.htm |date=2013-06-03}}. archaeology.ws.</ref>

The oldest known winery, the [[Areni-1 winery]], was found in [[Armenia]] and dates back to around 4000 BC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/|title=Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave|last=Owen|first=James|date=12 January 2011|website=National Geographic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603205116/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/|archive-date=2017-06-03|url-status=dead|access-date=8 July 2017}}</ref> By the 9th century AD, the city of [[Shiraz]] was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. Thus it has been proposed that [[Syrah]] red wine is named after [[Shiraz]], a city in Persia where the grape was used to make [[Shirazi wine]].<ref name="Hugh J">Hugh Johnson, ''"The Story of Wine"'', New Illustrated Edition, pp. 58, 131, Mitchell Beazley 2004, {{ISBN|1-84000-972-1}}.</ref>

[[Ancient Egypt]]ian [[hieroglyphics]] record the cultivation of purple grapes, and history attests to the ancient [[Greeks (wine)|Greeks]], [[Cypriot wine|Cypriots]], [[Phoenicians (wine)|Phoenicians]], and [[Ancient Rome (wine)|Romans]] growing purple grapes for eating and wine production.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/ingredientsprofiles/Grape |title=Grape |date=October 2015 |website=Better Health Channel Victoria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109141333/https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/ingredientsprofiles/Grape |archive-date=2018-01-09 |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2017}}</ref> The growing of grapes would later spread to other regions in Europe, North Africa, and eventually in [[North America]].

In 2005, a team of archaeologists concluded that [[Chalcolithic]] wine jars discovered in [[Cyprus]] in the 1930s dated back to 3500 BC, making them the oldest of their kind in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gillhamvineyard.com/wine-history-cyprus/#:~:text=The%20history%20of%20winemaking%20in,dating%20back%20to%203%2C500%20BC. |title=Wine History Cyprus}}</ref> [[Commandaria]], a sweet [[dessert wine]] from Cyprus, is the oldest manufactured wine in the world with origins as far back as 2000 BC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/oldest-manufactured-wine/ |title=Oldest manufactured wine |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref>

In North America, native grapes belonging to various species of the genus ''Vitis'' proliferate in the wild across the continent and were a part of the diet of many [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], but early European colonists considered them to be unsuitable for wine. In the 19th century, [[Ephraim Bull]] of [[Concord, Massachusetts]], cultivated seeds from wild ''[[Vitis labrusca]]'' vines to create the [[Concord grape]], which would become an important agricultural crop in the United States.<ref name="Robinson">Jancis Robinson, ''Vines, Grapes & Wines'' (Mitchell Beazley, 1986, {{ISBN|1-85732-999-6}}), pp. 8, 18, 228.</ref>

{{nutritional value | name=Grapes, red or green
| kJ=288
| water=81 g
| protein=0.72&nbsp;g
| fat=0.16&nbsp;g
| carbs=18.1&nbsp;g
| fiber=0.9&nbsp;g
| sugars=15.48&nbsp;g
| calcium_mg=10
| iron_mg=0.36
| magnesium_mg=7
| phosphorus_mg=20
| potassium_mg=191
| sodium_mg=2
| zinc_mg=0.07
| manganese_mg=0.071
| vitC_mg=3.2
| thiamin_mg=0.069
| riboflavin_mg=0.07
| niacin_mg=0.188
| pantothenic_mg=0.05
| vitB6_mg=0.086
| folate_ug=2
| choline_mg=5.6
| vitE_mg=0.19
| vitK_ug=14.6
| source_usda = 1
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/174683/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}