Editing Granville, Ohio (section)

==History==
===Pre-Columbian cultures===
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2024}}
Granville is the location of the [[prehistoric]] [[Alligator Effigy Mound]], built by the indigenous people of the [[Fort Ancient]] culture, between 800 and 1200 [[Common Era|CE]], more than four hundred years before European contact.  It may be an [[effigy]] of the [[underwater panther]] featured in [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] [[mythology]].  The mound is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].  The area has evidence of Indigenous cultures.  Less than five miles from the Alligator Effigy Mound are the [[Newark Earthworks]], associated with the earlier [[Hopewell culture]] of roughly 100 BCE to 500 CE.

===Pioneer settlers===
Granville was not settled by European Americans until 1805, but the first house was built in 1801 by John Jones, a Welshman born in New Jersey. He erected a small hut with his wife and paved the first street in Granville, calling it Centerville Street.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6o-AAAAYAAJ |title=... History of Licking County, O., Its Past and Present Containing a Condensed, Comprehensive History of Ohio, Including an Outline History of the Northwest: A Complete History of Licking County ... a History of Its Soldiers in the Late War... Biographies and Histories of Pioneer Families, Etc |date=1881 |publisher=A. A. Graham |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Bushnell |first=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1MVAAAAYAAJ |title=The History of Granville, Licking County, Ohio |date=1889 |publisher=Press of Hann & Adair |language=en}}</ref> Mr. Jones's close friend Mr. Patrick Cunningham built the second cabin in the township the next spring.<ref name=":0" /> People began to settle at the village regularly over the next four years. The first large group of settlers were from [[Granville, Massachusetts]], and they named the new village after their former home. The area was first surveyed by United States representatives in 1797, as land set aside by the national government for payment in land grants to veterans who had served in the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]].

Among the earliest settlers were Theophilus Rees and his son John. Born in [[Wales]], they immigrated to the United States in 1795, and headed west for a new life on the American frontier. They arrived in what is now Granville township in 1802, following a brief time in [[Philadelphia]]. Other Welsh settlers followed them, leaving their heritage in numerous place names.

===Early schools===
Granville's first school was built in January 1806, approximately two months after the first band of settlers arrived.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> The log structure, which was used as both a school and a church, sat on the south side of the public square.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> It had windows made of oiled paper and benches and desks made of split logs.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> This building served as the local school for four to five years until the community build a framed schoolhouse on the east side of the square.<ref name=":3" /> By 1820, a three-story brick schoolhouse had been built.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Early Center of Education / Educating Young Women Historical Marker |url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=94593 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.hmdb.org |language=en}}</ref>  Because there were not enough students to fill it, only the main floor was used for educational purposes; the basement served as a market, and a Masonic fraternity used the upper floor.<ref name=":0" /> In 1854, the village built the Union School, which served as a district school and accommodated about 200 students.<ref name=":0" />

Throughout the 19th century, Granville's residents established a number of academies and seminaries (institutions of secondary education similar to high schools).<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.granville.oh.us/history |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Village of Granville |language=en-US}}</ref>

* '''Granville Academy / Doane Academy:''' Built in 1827 by the [[Congregationalism|Congregational Church]], Granville Academy was initially open to both males and females, but by the time it was incorporated by the Ohio Legislature in 1836, it served only women.<ref name=":0" /> The preparatory school changed its name to Doane Academy when it moved onto Denison University's campus 1894.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=History: Doane Academy / Administration Building · Denison University Buildings · Digital Exhibits {{!}} Denison University Archives & Special Collections |url=https://exhibits.denisonarchives.org/exhibits/show/denison-buildings/doane-admin/history-doane-admin |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=exhibits.denisonarchives.org}}</ref> The academy closed in 1927 due to low enrollment, and the school building now houses Denison University's administrative offices.<ref name=":4" /> 
* '''Granville Female Seminary / Episcopal Female Seminary:''' In 1832, the Baptist Society founded Granville Female Institute, which had a boarding house and educational building on Main Street.<ref name=":0" /> In 1840, the school changed ownership and became the Episcopal Female Seminary.
* '''Ladies' Female Institute / Baptist Female Seminary:''' The Ladies Female Institute was started in 1860 by Rev. N. S. Buxton and his wife, and it operated out of the basement of the Baptist church.<ref name=":0" /> Later, it consolidated with another school and became the Baptist Female Seminary.<ref name=":0" />

The college now known as [[Denison University]] first organized in 1831 under the name Granville Literary and Theological Institute.<ref name=":0" /> It was located on a 135-acre farm southwest of Granville, where students performed manual labor.<ref name=":0" /> The school had four departments: preparatory, English, collegiate, and theological.<ref name=":0" /> Its name changed to Granville College in 1845, and in 1855, soon after its name changed to Denison University, the college moved to its current sight on a hill north of the village.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Denison University {{!}} Liberal Arts, Ohio Liberal Arts, Private University {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Denison-University |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Temperance===
The [[Temperance movement|Temperance Movement]], a social and religious movement against the consumption of alcohol, had many supporters in Granville. [[Jacob Little (pastor)|Jacob Little]], a Congregationalist pastor in Granville from the late 1820s to 1866, was a leading advocate for temperance.<ref name=":0" /> Little sought to achieve temperance in Granville and dedicated most of his life to achieving this goal. He is well known for writing a large number of pamphlets.<ref name=":0"/> Little also presented his ideas on alcohol consumption through his annual New Year's Day Sermons. In these sermons, he would highlight the wrongdoings of Granville members that had occurred throughout the previous year, publicly shaming those who consumed large amounts of alcohol. He continued his fight for temperance for 38 years, but temperance was not implemented in Granville until 1874.<ref name=":0" />

The Granville Women's Temperance League was formed in 1873 and worked to achieve temperance in Granville. In 1874 the Village Council banned the production, sale, and consumption of alcohol.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman's Christian Temperance Union |url=https://westervillelibrary.org/antisaloon-women-christian-temperance-union/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=westervillelibrary.org |language=en-US}}</ref> The Granville Women's Temperance League would organize public demonstrations, petitions, and educational campaigns to raise awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-04 |title=Featured Exhibit: Temperance in Granville |url=https://www.granvillehistory.org/latest-news/2023/8/4/featured-exhibit-temperance-in-granville |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=The Granville Historical Society |language=en-US}}</ref>

Granville's pro-temperance stance played a role in the [[lynching of Carl Etherington]], a 17-year-old [[Anti-Saloon League]] agent who was murdered in Newark, Ohio, after taking part in several saloon raids.<ref name=":1">[https://www.lickingcountylibrary.org/media/1078/newarks-lynching-brochure.pdf "Carl Etherington."] ''Licking County Library''. Retrieved 2024-10-08.</ref> On July 8, 1910, Granville's mayor, Dr. E.J. Barns, tasked Etherington and at least 18 other hired agents with executing search and seizure warrants for illicit saloons in Newark, Ohio.<ref name=":1" /> In the ensuing confrontations between the agents and Newark citizens, Etherington shot a former police captain and bar owner, and he was subsequently chased, beaten, and killed.<ref name=":1" />

The village of Granville remained dry until 1974, 41 years after the [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] ended.

=== Abolitionism ===
In the early days of the [[Abolitionism|Abolitionist Movement]], Granville was widely divided over the issue of slavery, but abolitionist groups began to grow in size and influence, holding regular meetings and lectures in the village.<ref name=":0" /> Oftentimes, these lectures were met with harsh resistance from anti-abolitionist locals, which eventually led to violence. For example, an abolitionist named Mr. Weld attempted to hold a lecture in Granville on April 1, 1835, but he was egged and stoned by townspeople.<ref name=":0" /> After multiple instances of these violent outbursts, citizens of Granville began to express apprehension about holding these lectures because of the division and aggression they were causing.<ref name=":0" /> With a large lecture scheduled to be held in Granville in April 1836 by an abolitionist group from [[Cleveland]], Ohio, a notice was posted by some Granville residents in the ''Newark Gazette'' asking organizers not to hold the meeting in the village.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Utter |first=William T. |title=Granville: The Story of an Ohio Village |date=1956}}</ref> Despite this, the meeting took place on April 27 of that year, and once again, anti-abolitionist townspeople retaliated. Large mobs gathered to egg and stone the lecturers, and even shaved the tails and manes of the horses belonging to the abolitionist group.<ref name=":2" /> After the convention, the two factions clashed in the streets, using bats and daggers as weapons.<ref name=":0" /> Though no one was killed, many were severely injured.

After this riot, the village's approach towards abolitionism shifted. There was less retaliation out of fear of violence, and abolitionist groups grew in power. This growth led to Granville's participation in the [[Underground Railroad]] system, not as a main station, but as an alternative route in the case that routes through [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] or the surrounding areas were too dangerous. Among few of the most notable railroad operators were Joseph Linnel and Edwin Cooley Wright, who regularly hosted people fleeing from slavery on their farms.<ref name=":2" />