Editing Grant Parish, Louisiana (section)

==History==
Grant Parish was originally a part of the more populous [[Rapides Parish, Louisiana|Rapides Parish]] to the south. Prior to the [[American Civil War]], the center of activity focused upon "Calhoun's Landing," named for the [[cotton]] and [[sugar]] planter [[Meredith Calhoun]], a native of [[South Carolina]]. Calhoun also published the former ''National Democrat'' [[newspaper]] in what became Colfax, designated as the seat of government of the new parish.<ref>{{cite web|title=Calhoun, Meredith|url=https://www.lahistory.org/resources/dictionary-louisiana-biography/dictionary-louisiana-biography-c/|access-date=February 20, 2022|website=A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography|publisher=Louisiana Historical Association}}</ref>

Grant was one of several new parishes created by the [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] legislature in an attempt to build the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] in the state. Founded in 1869, it had a slight majority of [[freedmen]], many of whom had worked on cotton plantations in the area. It was named for U.S. President [[Ulysses S. Grant]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ | title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States | publisher=Govt. Print. Off. | author=Gannett, Henry | year=1905 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n140 141]}}</ref> The parish seat of Colfax was named for Grant's first vice president, [[Schuyler Colfax|Schuyler M. Colfax]] (whose name is pronounced COAL-facks) of [[Indiana]]. However, the town of Colfax is pronounced CAHL-facks. The parish came into existence on March 4, 1869, which also was the day of President Grant's first inauguration.<ref>[[Charles Lane (journalist)|Lane, Charles]], ''[[The Day Freedom Died: The Colfax Massacre, the Supreme Court, and the Betrayal of Reconstruction]]'', 2008, page 42</ref> The parish encompassed both cotton plantations and pinewoods. It was one of several areas along the Red River that had considerable violence during Reconstruction, as whites tried to maintain social control.

The gubernatorial election of 1872 was disputed in the state, and both the Democrats and Republicans certified their slates of local officers. Two inaugurations were held. The election was finally settled in favor of the Republican candidates, but the decision was disputed in certain areas. As social tensions rose, Republican officials took their places at the courthouse in Colfax. They were defended by freedmen and state militia (mostly made up of freedmen), who feared a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] takeover of the parish. Amid widespread rumors, whites organized a militia and advanced on the courthouse on Easter Sunday, 1873. In the ensuing violence, three whites and 120-150 blacks were killed, including 50 that night who were held as prisoners. Leading late 20th-century historians renamed the Colfax Riot, the original state designation, as the '''[[Colfax Massacre]]'''. The total number of freedmen deaths were never established because some of the bodies were thrown into the river and woods.

The white militia was led by [[Christopher Columbus Nash]], a [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] officer who had been a [[prisoner of war]] at [[Johnson's Island]] in [[Ohio]]. It consisted of veterans from Grant and neighboring parishes. The following year, Nash gathered many of the white militia members as the basis of the first chapter of the [[White League]]. Other chapters quickly grew up across the state. The White League's organized violence in support of the Democratic Party included widespread intimidation of black voters. The League was integral to white Democrats' regaining power in the state by 1876. Soon after, they effectively [[Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era (United States)|disfranchised]] most blacks, a situation that persisted until after federal enforcement of [[Civil Rights]]-era legislation of the mid-1960s.