Editing Goguryeo (section)

==Names and etymology==
The kingdom was originally called ''Guryeo'' ([[Old Korean]]: 句麗, [[Yale romanization of Korean|Yale]]: ''Kwulye'', {{IPA|/ɡuɾ.jʌ̹/}}) or something similar to ''kaukuri'' ({{IPA|/ko̞ːkɯ̟ᵝɾʲi/}})),<ref>'[https://nuriwiki.net/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EA%B5%AC%EB%A0%A4%EC%96%B4 고대 고구려의 단어] Retrieved 24 January 2023.]'</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=高句麗 |date=2023-06-24 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E9%BA%97&oldid=73715663 |work=Wiktionary |access-date=2023-06-25 |language=en}}</ref> Both words were derived from "忽" (''*kuru'' or ''*kolo'') which meant castle or fortress. The word was possibly a [[Wanderwort]] like the [[Middle Mongol]]ian ''qoto-n''.<ref name = "EKC" /><ref name="From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding">{{cite journal|last1=Vovin|first1=Alexander|title=From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean|journal=Korean Linguistics|date=2013|volume=15|issue=2|pages=222–240|doi=10.1075/kl.15.2.03vov}}</ref><ref name=":1">Lim, Byung-joon (1999) (A) Study on the borrowed writings of the dialect of Koguryo Dynasty in Ancient Korean (MA), Konkuk University {{ISBN?}}</ref>

Several possible [[cognates]] for 忽 exist as well, which was used at a later stage as an administrative subdivision with the spelling of ''hwol'' {{IPA|[hʌ̹ɭ]}}, as in 買忽 ''mwoyhwol/michwuhwol'' {{IPA|[mit͡ɕʰuhʌ̹ɭ]}}, alongside the likely cognate of 骨 ''kwol'' {{IPA|[ko̞ɭ]}}.<ref>Tranter, Nicholas (2012). ''The Languages of Japan and Korea'' (1st ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 53–54. {{ISBN|978-0415462877}}.</ref> Nam Pung-hyun presents it also as a Baekje term, probably a cognate with the Goguryeo word with the same meaning and spelling.

The iteration of 徐羅伐 ''Syerapel'' as 徐羅城 ''*SyeraKUY'' equated the Old Korean word for village, 伐 ''pel'' with the Old Japanese one for castle 城 ''ki'', considered a borrowing from Baekje 己 ''*kuy'', in turn a borrowing from Goguryeo 忽 ''*kolo''.<ref>Shiratori, Kurakichi (1896), "朝鮮古代王號考", in , volume 7, 史學會 (The Historical Society of Japan)</ref><ref>Mabuchi, Kazuhito (1978), "『三国史記』記載の百済地名より見た古代百済語の考察 (On the Ancient Language of Kudara as Reflected in Kudara Place Names in the Sangokushiki)", in <sup>[5]</sup>, archived from the original on 2019-04-17, p. 79</ref> Middle Korean 골〯 ''kwǒl'' [ko̞ɭ] and ᄀᆞ옳 ''kòwòlh'' [kʌ̀.òl] ("district") are likely descended from ''*kolo''.<ref name=":1" />

The name ''Goguryeo'' ({{Korean|고구려|hanja=高句麗}}; {{IPA|ko|ko̞ɡuɾjʌ̹}}), which means "high castle", is a combination of ''Guryeo'' and the prefix ''Go'' ({{Korean|hangul=고|hanja=高|lit = high, big}}).<ref name="EKC" /> The name came from ''Goguryeo-[[provinces of Korea|hyeon]]'', a subdivision that was established by the [[Xuantu Commandery]]. As Han influence over Korea declined, ''Goguryeo-hyeon'' became the center of the early Goguryeo union.<ref name = "EKC">{{Cite web |script-title=ko:고구려 (高句麗) |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |language=ko}}</ref>

From the mid-5th century, ''Goguryeo'' was shortened to the [[calque]] of ''Goryeo'' ({{Korean|고려|hanja=高麗|}}; {{IPA|ko|ko.ɾjʌ}}; [[Middle Korean]]: 고ᇢ롕〮, ''Kwòwlyéy''), which by itself had the meaning of "high and beautiful".<ref name = "EKC" />