Editing Glucose (section)

==History==
Glucose was first isolated from [[raisin]]s in 1747 by the German chemist [[Andreas Sigismund Marggraf|Andreas Marggraf]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of Food and Health">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Food and Health|date=2015|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-384953-3|page=239|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-t9BAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA239|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223145046/https://books.google.com/books?id=O-t9BAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA239|archive-date=23 February 2018}}</ref><ref>Marggraf (1747) [https://books.google.com/books?id=lJQDAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA79 "Experiences chimiques faites dans le dessein de tirer un veritable sucre de diverses plantes, qui croissent dans nos contrées"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624083152/https://books.google.com/books?id=lJQDAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA79 |date=24 June 2016 }} [Chemical experiments made with the intention of extracting real sugar from diverse plants that grow in our lands], ''Histoire de l'académie royale des sciences et belles-lettres de Berlin'', pp. 79–90.  [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_lJQDAAAAMAAJ/page/n114 From page 90:] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027011957/http://books.google.com/books?id=lJQDAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA90 |date=27 October 2014 }}  "Les raisins secs, etant humectés d'une petite quantité d'eau, de maniere qu'ils mollissent, peuvent alors etre pilés, & le suc qu'on en exprime, etant depuré & épaissi, fournira une espece de Sucre." ("Raisins, being moistened with a small quantity of water, in a way that they soften, can be then pressed, and the juice that is squeezed out, [after] being purified and thickened, will provide a sort of sugar.")</ref> Glucose was discovered in grapes by another German chemist{{Snd}}[[Johann Tobias Lowitz]]{{Snd}}in 1792, and distinguished as being different from cane sugar ([[sucrose]]). Glucose is the term coined by [[Jean Baptiste Dumas]] in 1838, which has prevailed in the chemical literature. [[Friedrich August Kekulé]] proposed the term dextrose (from the [[Latin]] {{lang|la|dexter}}, meaning "right"), because in aqueous solution of glucose, the plane of linearly polarized light is turned to the right. In contrast, [[l-fructose]] (usually referred to as {{sm|d}}-fructose) (a ketohexose) and l-glucose ({{sm|l}}-glucose) turn linearly [[Polarization (physics)|polarized]] light to the left. The earlier notation according to the rotation of the plane of linearly polarized light (''d'' and ''l''-nomenclature) was later abandoned in favor of the [[optical rotation#Chirality prefixes|{{sm|d}}- and {{sm|l}}-notation]], which refers to the absolute configuration of the asymmetric center farthest from the carbonyl group, and in concordance with the configuration of {{sm|d}}- or {{sm|l}}-glyceraldehyde.<ref name="Robyt 7">John F. Robyt: ''Essentials of Carbohydrate Chemistry''. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-461-21622-3}}. p. 7.</ref><ref name="Rosanoff">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/ja01967a014|title=On Fischer's Classification of Stereo-Isomers.1|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=28|pages=114–121|year=1906|last1=Rosanoff|first1=M. A.|issue=1 |bibcode=1906JAChS..28..114R |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1428874|access-date=1 July 2019|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217170142/https://zenodo.org/record/1428874|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since glucose is a basic necessity of many organisms, a correct understanding of its [[chemical]] makeup and structure contributed greatly to a general advancement in [[organic chemistry]]. This understanding occurred largely as a result of the investigations of [[Hermann Emil Fischer|Emil Fischer]], a German chemist who received the 1902 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for his findings.<ref>{{citation | title = Emil Fischer | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1902/fischer-bio.html | publisher = Nobel Foundation | access-date = 2 September 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090903164859/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1902/fischer-bio.html | archive-date = 3 September 2009 }}</ref> The synthesis of glucose established the structure of organic material and consequently formed the first definitive validation of [[Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff]]'s theories of chemical kinetics and the arrangements of chemical bonds in carbon-bearing molecules.<ref>{{citation | title = van't Hoff's Glucose | first = Bert | last = Fraser-Reid | journal = Chem. Eng. News | volume = 77 | issue = 39 | page = 8}}</ref> Between 1891 and 1894, Fischer established the [[stereochemical]] configuration of all the known sugars and correctly predicted the possible [[isomer]]s, applying [[Van 't Hoff equation]] of asymmetrical carbon atoms. The names initially referred to the natural substances. Their [[enantiomers]] were given the same name with the introduction of systematic nomenclatures, taking into account absolute stereochemistry (e.g. [[Fischer projection|Fischer nomenclature]], {{sm|d}}/{{sm|l}} nomenclature).

For the discovery of the metabolism of glucose [[Otto Meyerhof]] received the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1922.<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1922/meyerhof-facts.html "Otto Meyerhof - Facts - NobelPrize.org"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011915/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1922/meyerhof-facts.html |date=15 July 2018 }}. ''NobelPrize.org''. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.</ref> [[Hans von Euler-Chelpin]] was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with [[Arthur Harden]] in 1929 for their "research on the [[fermentation]] of sugar and their share of enzymes in this process".<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1929/euler-chelpin/facts/ "Hans von Euler-Chelpin - Facts - NobelPrize.org"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903153041/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1929/euler-chelpin/facts/ |date=3 September 2018 }}. ''NobelPrize.org''. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1929/harden/facts/ "Arthur Harden - Facts - NobelPrize.org"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903151549/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1929/harden/facts/ |date=3 September 2018 }}. ''NobelPrize.org''. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.</ref> In 1947, [[Bernardo Houssay]] (for his discovery of the role of the [[pituitary gland]] in the metabolism of glucose and the derived carbohydrates) as well as [[Carl Cori|Carl]] and [[Gerty Cori]] (for their discovery of the conversion of glycogen from glucose) received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1947/houssay-facts.html "Bernardo Houssay - Facts - NobelPrize.org"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011905/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1947/houssay-facts.html |date=15 July 2018 }}. ''NobelPrize.org''. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1947/cori-cf-facts.html "Carl Cori - Facts - NobelPrize.org"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715035943/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1947/cori-cf-facts.html |date=15 July 2018 }}. ''NobelPrize.org''. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.</ref><ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1947/cori-gt-facts.html "Gerty Cori - Facts - NobelPrize.org"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011845/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1947/cori-gt-facts.html |date=15 July 2018 }}. ''NobelPrize.org''. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.</ref> In 1970, [[Luis Leloir]] was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of glucose-derived sugar nucleotides in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates.<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1970/leloir-facts.html "Luis Leloir - Facts - NobelPrize.org"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715035858/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1970/leloir-facts.html |date=15 July 2018 }}. ''NobelPrize.org''. Retrieved on 5 September 2018.</ref>